Table 2.
Experimental animal studies analyzing the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on gut microbiota.
| Anti-diabetic drugs | Animal model | Dose | Duration | Key results | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dapagliflozin (109) | C57BLKS/J-leprdb/leprdb | 60 mg/kg diet | 8 weeks | Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia altered Oscillospira, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios↓ |
Vascular function improvements effects not conclusively mediated by gut microbiota |
| Dapagliflozin (111) | Butyrate-supplemented db/db mice | 1 mg/kg/day | 6 weeks |
Streptococcus spp.↑ Adlercreutzia spp. and Alistipes spp., Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios↓ |
No big difference in the microbiota composition with Dapagliflozin intervention |
| Dapagliflozin (112) | STZ-induced HFD-fed Sprague Dawley rats | 1 mg/kg/day | 4 weeks | no effects on beneficial bacteria Proteobacteria (especially Desulfovibrionaceae)↑ |
No effects on beneficial bacteria |
| Dapagliflozin (110) | MafA-deficient mice | 1 mg/kg/day | 6 weeks |
Blautia↑ Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and intestinal enterococci↓ Intestinal SCFAs↑ |
Regulated the intestinal microecological balance of the body and promoted blood glucose and energy homeostasis. |
| Canagliflozin (113) | CE-2 diet-induced mice | 10 mg/kg/day | 2 weeks | Actinobacteria, Oscillospira↓ Cecal SCFAs↑ |
Increased bacterial carbohydrate fermentation; Reduced the accumulation of uremic toxins including p-cresyl sulfate |
STZ, streptozocin; HFD, high-fat diet; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids.