TABLE 1.
Lung organoids used for disease investigation: Disease studies where 3D LOs were used as experimental models.
| Disease modeled | Source cell type | References |
|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | Human primary tumor tissue/cells | Jung et al. (2019); Kim et al. (2019) |
| Patient-derived xenograft models | Shi et al. (2020) | |
| Human lung cancer cell lines | Ramamoorthy et al. (2019) | |
| Human ESCs | Chen et al. (2017) | |
| COPD | Primary human lung epithelial cells | Ng-Blichfeldt et al. (2018) |
| Human lung epithelial cell lines | Tan et al. (2017) | |
| CF | Patient-derived iPSCs | Mou et al. (2012); Wong et al. (2012); Firth et al. (2015) |
| Lung cell pellet from the broncho‐alveolar lavage fluid of patients | Sachs et al. (2019) | |
| IPF | Patient-derived iPSCs | Wilkinson et al. (2017); Strikoudis et al. (2019) |
| Human ESCs | Chen et al. (2017) | |
| Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome | Patient-derived iPSCs | Jacob et al. (2017) |
| Interstitial lung disease | Patient-derived iPSCs | Leibel et al. (2019) |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | Human fetal lung fibroblasts | Sucre et al. (2016) |
| Pulmonary metaplasia | Normal primary human epithelial cells | Danahay et al. (2015) |
| Pulmonary edema | Human pulmonary epithelial cells and microvascular endothelial cells used to form 3D-lung organoids on a chip | Huh et al. (2012) |
| Lung inflammation | Human 3D differentiated airway epithelium cultured on-chip (inflammation induced by IL-13) | Benam et al. (2016) |
| Mouse lung tissue (inflammation induced by bacterial flagellar hooks stimulation) | Shen et al. (2017) | |
| Mouse type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (inflammation induced by IL-1β and TNFα) | Katsura et al. (2019) | |
| Lung tissue injury and regeneration | Primary mouse lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and MSCs | Leeman et al. (2019); Riemondy et al. (2019) |
| Respiratory viral infection | IRF7 mutant patient-derived iPSCs (influenza virus infection) | Ciancanelli et al. (2015) |
| Mouse epithelial stem/progenitor cells (influenza virus infection) | Quantius et al. (2016) | |
| Human ESCs (respiratory syncytial virus infection) | Chen et al. (2017) | |
| Human ESCs (parainfluenza virus infection) | Porotto et al. (2019) | |
| Human airway epithelial cell cultures (parechovirus infection) | Karelehto et al. (2018) | |
| Human alveolar epithelial type II of KRT5+ basal cells (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) | Salahudeen et al. (2020) | |
| Human alveolar type 2 cells/pneumocytes (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) | Katsura et al. (2020) | |
| Human epithelial progenitor cells (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) | Xu et al. (2021) | |
| Human alveolar type 2 cells (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) | Ebisudani et al. (2021) | |
| Primary human lung tissue (enterovirus infection) | van der Sanden et al. (2018) |
Used abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CF, cystic fibrosis; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; ESCs, embryonal stem cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells.