Table 5.

Anticancer Agents and Major Renal Complications

Anticancer Agents	Renal Complications
Gemcitabine, VEGF inhibitors, TKIs	Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)
CAR-T therapy	CRS, acute kidney injury, vasodilation, decreased cardiac output, capillary leak syndrome.
High dose IL-2	Acute allograft rejection
IMiD (lenalidomide, pomalidomide, thalidomide)	Acute allograft rejection
Interferon alpha	Acute allograft rejection
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1)	Acute allograft rejection, glomerulonephritis

Abbreviations: CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; CLTA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; CRS, cytokine release syndrome; IMiD, immunomodulatory drug; PD-1, program cell death protein-1; PD-L1, program death ligand-1; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.