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. 2022 Jul 13;13:906639. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906639

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

MDMA treatment reduces CS+/CS− discrimination during fear extinction learning and enhances extinction recall. Standardized values (z-scores) of both trial types (conditioned fear stimulus [CS+] and conditioned safety stimulus [CS−]) of the skin conductance response task. (A) Subjects showed differentiation between CS+ and CS− in acquisition. (B) In the extinction learning phase, subjects after a placebo displayed discrimination of the conditioned stimuli in the early phase and extinction over time, but already early nondiscrimination of the conditioned stimuli after MDMA. (C) In the recall phase, subjects after the placebo displayed an early return of fear memory by discrimination of the conditioned stimuli. There was no discrimination of the conditioned stimuli after MDMA, indicating extinction retention. The acquisition was before drug intake. MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Stats in (A) are main effects, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. Stats in (B) and (C) are from Tukey posthoc tests, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001.