Table 2.
The evolution and pathways of BRAF activation.
| Cancer types | Evolutionary types | Evolutionary pathways | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Melanoma | changes in BRAF itself | BRAF splice variants | (23, 83) |
| Melanoma | - | BRAF copy number amplification | (84) |
| Melanoma | downstream of the BRAF | CRAF overexpression | (85, 86) |
| Melanoma | - | MEK1 mutations | (87) |
| Melanoma | upstream of the BRAF | RAS alteration | (88, 94) |
| Melanoma | – | RTKs alteration | (89, 95, 97) |
| Melanoma | activation of bypass pathways | Elevated expression levels of COT | (98) |
| Melanoma | – | Loss of stromal antigen 2 (STAG2) or STAG3 | (99) |
| Melanoma | – | RAC1 mutation | (100) |
| Melanoma | – | Loss of NF1 | (101) |
| Melanoma | – | Loss of ACK1 | (102) |
| Breast cancer and melanoma | – | Activation of the Notch1 pathway | (103) |
| Melanoma | – | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway dysregulation | (56, 104) |