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. 2022 Jul 13;13:929752. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.929752

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Copyright © 2022 Huang, Zhang, Liu and Long.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The gut-lung axis in PAH. The metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by intestinal bacteria enter the lungs through the circulation, where they are involved in immune regulation and play a role in perivascular inflammation and pulmonary vascular remodeling. 5-HT: serotonin; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide; LPS: lipo-polysaccharide; GPCRs: G protein-coupled receptor; HDAC: histone deacetylase; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; VEGFα: vascular endothelial growth factor α; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; Nox-1: NADPH oxidase-1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SIRT3: sirtuin 3; SOD2: superoxide dismutases; NLRP3: nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; PKC: protein kinase C; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; HMGB1: high-mobility group box-1; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; BMPR2: bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2.