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Overview of the potential impact of the airway microbiota on PAH. TSP-1: thrombospondin 1; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; RhoA: the small GTP-binding protein; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; STAT3: transcription 3.
