Table 2.
Characteristics of nine included studies matching eligibility criteria, presenting evidence on diabetic retinopathy and the use of teleophthalmology.
| Author, Year | Country, Economical Profiling | Study Design | Level of Care (PHC/Other) | Type of Health Provider Taking Image | Professionals Grading Images | Device Used, Fixed/Portable | Mydriatic Used [Yes/No] | Sensitivity Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chin, 2014 (21) | United States of America (USA) HIC | Retrospective, Cross-sectional (C/S) study | Primary Health Care (PHC) | Non-Ophthalmologist (NON) [Trained medical personnel] | Ophthalmologist (Retinal Specialist) | Non mydriatic fundus photography (NMFP), fixed | No | 20.40% |
| Modi, 2015 (22) | India LMIC | Quantitative, C/S study | PHC | Not specified | Ophthalmologist (Retinal specialist) | NMFP, fixed | No | 19.40% |
| Silva, 2015 (23) | USA HIC | Quantitative, C/S study | PHC | NON (Trained imagers) |
NON (Optometrist) | Ultra-wide Field photographer (UWF), fixed | No | 41.30% |
| Silva, 2016 (24) | USA HIC | Retrospective, C/S study | PHC | NON (Trained imagers) |
NON (Optometrist) |
NMFP and UWF, fixed | No | 0.90% |
| Rios, 2016 (25) | Spain HIC | Retrospective, C/S study | PHC | NON (Nurses and Physicians) |
Ophthalmologist | NMFP | Yes | 35.60% |
| Villa, 2016 (26) | Spain HIC | C/S study | PHC | NON Trained Nurses |
NON (PHC Physicians) |
NMFP, portable | No | 43.45% |
| Jani, 2017 (27) | USA HIC | C/S study | PHC | NON Trained Nurses and Clinic Technician |
Ophthalmologist | NMFP, fixed | No | 25.50% |
| Bursell, 2017 (28) | USA HIC | C/S study | PHC | NON (Trained imagers) |
NON (Optometrist) |
NMFP, fixed | No | 20.00% |
| Hussain, 2017 (29) | United Arab Emirates HIC | C/S study | Multi-Specialty | NON (Trained Nurses) |
Ophthalmologist (Retinal specialist) | UWF, fixed | No | 9.20% |