Table 1 |.

Examples of ETI and pathogen subversion strategies

Pathogenic activity	Host guardee	Host guard	Host ETI response	Pathogen subversion mechanism	References
Inactivation of RhoA by C. difficile TcdB and Yersinia YopE	RhoA	Pyrin	Pyrin-dependent pyroptosis and IL-1 cytokine secretion	Yersinia YopM inhibits pyrin activation by activating PKNs	104,108
Modulation of Rho GTPases by UPEC CNF1, Salmonella SopE and SopB, and Shigella IpgB2 and OspB	Rho GTPase functions	Drosophila IMD, Rho GTPases (guard themselves) and NOD1/NOD2	Drosophila IMD signalling and NF-κB signalling-mediated cytokine secretion		114–121
Activation of NLRP1B by B. anthracis LeTx and Shigella flexneri IpaH7.8	NLRP1B (decoy)	NLRP1B (guards itself)	NLRP1B-dependent pyroptosis and IL-1 cytokine secretion		30,35,162
Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by Aeromonas aerolysin, S. aureus α-hemolysin, and influenza A virus M2 and PB1-F2 proteins	Cytoplasmic homeostasis (intracellular K+ levels and pH)	NLRP3	NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis and IL-1 cytokine secretion	Measles V protein suppresses NLRP3-mediated IL-1β secretion and influenza A virus NS1 protein suppresses NLRP3 and NF-κB signalling	71,163–166
Activation of caspase-11 and NLRP3 inflammasomes by Yersinia YopB and YopD	Integrity of intracellular membranes	GBPs	Caspase-11 and NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis and IL-1 cytokine secretion	Yersinia YopK prevents hypertranslocation of YopB and YopD, thereby suppressing inflammasome activation	55,62,63,69,167
Amino acid starvation induced by Shigella, Salmonella T3SS and Listeria LLO	Amino acid levels in the host cell	mTOR GCN2	Autophagy Inhibition of host protein translation	Listeria PlcA and PlcB suppress autophagic flux, and Leishmania GP63 and vesicular stomatitis virus M protein suppress mTOR	125–127,168,169
ER stress induced by B. abortus VceC, L. pneumophila and P. aeruginosa exotoxin A	Host protein translation	IRE1α, IκB, NOD1/2 and C. elegans ZIP2	NOD1/2-induced cytokine secretion via NF-κB signalling, NF-κB/MAPK-mediated cytokine secretion and C. elegans infection response gene 1 (irg1)-mediated defence	Legionella Lgt1 and Lgt2 block IRE1-mediated Xbp1 splicing	138,146–148,155,170
Activation of apoptosis by Yersinia YopJ, EPEC NleE and Shigella OspZ	NF-κB/MAPK pathway	RIPK1	RIPK1/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis	EPEC NleB and NleF block caspase-8-mediated apoptosis	78,86,101
Activation of necroptosis by CMV vICA and EPEC NleB	Caspase-8	RIPK3	RIPK3-dependent necroptosis	EPEC NleF blocks necroptosis	98,101
Activation of apoptosis by Aspergillus fumigatus gliotoxin	Cellular attachment to extracellular matrix	RhoA	Activation of anoikis (a form of apoptosis induced by cell detachment)		171
Activation of Toll pathway by Beauveria bassiana PR1	Drosophila persephone protease (decoy)	Drosophila persephone protease (guards itself)	Upregulation of Drosophila Toll pathway-dependent gene expression		172