Table 2.

Unadjusted descriptive statistics for pain and HRQOL for both groups

Outcomes	Control group Mean [SD]	Intervention group Mean [SD]	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Pain intensity
Before intervention T0	5.5 [1.9]	5.4 [1.9]	.08
After intervention T1a	5.1 [1.65]	5.3 [2.45]
HRQOL
Physical well-being
T0	50.0 [19.43]	41.6 [21.55]	.16
T1b	48.9 [17.56]	52.4 [25.56]
Psychological well-being
T0	54.5 [20.4]	56.8 [23.1]	.10
T1b	63.9 [23.71]	65.9 [20.74]
Mood
T0	61.6 [18.81]	55.4 [22.72]	.07
T1b	68.4 [16.98]	69.7 [20.05]
Self-perception
T0	46.1 [22.64]	45.7 [23.04]	.01
T1b	56.8 [24.46]	56.5 [23.37]
Autonomy
T0	61.6 [17.80]	56.6 [20.23]	.14
T1b	65.7 [15.67]	62.9 [24.05]
Parents’ relationship
T0	61.2 [23.44]	68.1 [24.64]	.23
T1b	65.8 [28.92]	72.1 [26.18]
Social support
T0	56.6 [23.69]	63.3 [18.40]	.13
T1b	66.7 [17.75]	69.1 [20.68]
School environment
T0	52.7 [20.32]	55.0 [19.77]	.49
T1b	57.4 [28.50]	69.1 [16.74]

^aControl group n = 14, intervention group n = 19

^bControl group n = 14, intervention group n = 17