Table 2.

Characteristics of the selected adult studies

Study, country	Age range	Study design	Time frame	No. of subjects	Comments
Joshi P. et al., 2020 [22] New Zealand	28 to 65 years old	Case series	Not specified	7	BPPV is the most common cause of positional vertigo
Grad A. et al., 1989 [23] USA	40 to 81 years old	Retrospective study	1974 to 1987	84	The sudden onset of vertigo lasting minutes in a patient with known cerebrovascular disease strongly suggests an ischemic cause
Norrving B. et al., 1995 [24] Sweden	50 to 75 years old	Prospective study	Not specified	24	A caudal cerebellar infarction may easily be misdiagnosed as a labyrinthine disorder, and it is found to be the cause in one in fourpatients presenting with isolated acute vertigo
Kim GW. et al., 1996 [25] Korea	Not specified	Prospective study	August 1994 to February 1995	152	Vertigo as a manifestation of stroke may not be an infrequent symptom
Casani AP. et al., 2013 [26] Italy	47 to 80 years old	Retrospective study	2007 to 2011	11	Pseudo-acute peripheral vertigo is not an uncommon diagnosis in otoneurological practice
Doijiri R. et al., 2016 [27] Japan	56 to 79 years old	Retrospective study	2005 to 2015	221	In this study stroke was found in 11% of patients with isolated vertigo or dizziness attack. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery area is frequently implicated for isolated vertigo or dizziness
Hesselbrock RR 2017 USA	40 to 42 years old	Case reports	Not specified	2	Accurate assessment of patients with acute vestibular symptoms can be challenging, Central causes of isolated acute vestibular symptoms are uncommon
Perloff MD. et al., 2017 [28] USA	Mean age 59.8 ± 16.7	Retrospective study	January 2005 to January 2010	136	There is an important proportion of cerebellar stroke among emergency department in patients with isolated dizziness
Wang Y. et al., 2018 China	Mean age 58.5 ± 12.3 for central vertigo and 52.1 ± 8.8 for peripheral vertigo	Retrospective study	January 2014 to July 2016	87	Patients with isolated vertigo and three or more risk factors are at higher risk for central vertigo
Lee H. et al., 2009 [29] Korea	23 to 93 years old	Prospective study	January 2000 to July 2008	82	Labyrinthine dysfunction of a vascular cause usually leads to combined loss of both auditory and vestibular functions
Paul NL. et al., 2012 UK	Mean age 75.9 ± 11.8 for carotid stroke and 73.3 ± 13.1 for vertebrobasilar stroke	Prospective study	April 2002 to March 2010	1141	In patients with vertebrobasilar stroke, preceding transient isolated brainstem symptoms are common but rarely satisfy traditional definition of TIA
Lee SU. et al., 2015 [30] Korea	33 to 73 years old	Retrospective study	2003 to 2014	18	Presence of central vestibular signs allows bedside differentiation of isolated vestibular syndrome
Parthasarathy R. et al., 2016 [31] Canada	76 years old	Case report	Not specified	1	Hypoperfusion to the flocculonodular lobe supplied by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery is likely a cause for intermittent vertigo
Lee H. et al., 2002 [32] Korea	17 to 74 years old	Prospective study	March 2000 to July 2001	72	Migraine should be considered in the differential diagnosis of isolated recurrent vertigo of unknown cause
Kim DD. et al., 2019 [33] Canada	60 s years old	Case report	2019	1	Chronic naturopathic over- the-counter products intake may cause a subacute progressive cerebellar syndrome manifesting also with vertigo
Adzic-Vukicevic T. et al., 2019 [34] Serbia	66 years old	Case report	2019	1	Cryptococcosis may present even in immunocompetent patients and may show central nervous system involvement with vertigo
Pula JH. et al., 2013 [35] USA	19 to 55 years old	Prospective observational study	1999 to 2011	7	Multiple sclerosis is an uncommon cause of acute vestibular syndrome
Kremer L. et al., 2014 [36] France, USA, UK, Japan, Canada, Germany	Mean age 44.2	Prospective observational study	Not specified	258	Brainstem involvement occurs in about one-third of patients with NMO and NMOSD; vertigo or vestibular ataxia occur in 1.7% of patients
Lee JY. et al., 2019 [37], Korea	20 to 80 years old	Retrospective analysis	January 2012 to January 2015	133	Vestibular neuritis is characterized of rotational vertigo that last for over a day but the clinical course and the characteristics depends on the involvement site of the nerve
Roberts RA., 2018 [38] USA	60 years old	Case report	Not specified	1	Patients using biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs could be at an increased risk for recurrent vestibular neuritis, with possible viral pathogenesis
Unal M. et al., 2006 [39]	51 years old	Case report	Not specified	1	It is important to consider Arnold-Chiari type I malformation in the differential diagnosis of adult vertigo cases
Spacey S.et al., 2003	2 to 32 years old	Review	Not specified	Not specified	Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) is characterized by paroxysmal attacks of ataxia, vertigo, and nausea. Onset is typically in childhood or early adolescence
Rispoli MG. et al., 2019 [40]	71 years old	Case report	March 2015	1	New missense mutation in the ATP1A2 gene is associated with atypical sporadic hemiplegic migraine, a disease possibly manifesting with vertigo
Di Stefano V. et al., 2020 [41]	71 years old	Case report	Not specified	1	A rare case of atypical BHS due to compression of non-dominant vertebral artery with anatomical variants, resulting in stereotyped and reversible PICA syndrome
Potter BJ. et al., 2014 [42]	90 years old	Case report	Not specified	1	A subclavian steal syndrome may occur when a significant stenosis in the subclavian artery compromises distal perfusion to the internal mammary artery, vertebral artery, or axillary artery
Jiang Y. et al., 2020 [43]	34 years old	Case report	Not specified	1	Frontal lobe epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with a broad spectrum of symptoms; it rarely presents with vertigo