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. 2022 Jul 13;13:930862. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930862

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Copyright © 2022 Matsuyama, Matsuyama, Dotake, Takagi, Machida and Inoue

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The network between ILC2s and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and a schematic of investigative and approved biologic therapies. Biologics target IgE, IL-5 and its receptor, IL-4 receptor, and alarmins such as TSLP and IL-33, leading to the suppression of asthma exacerbation and improved asthma control. Tiotropium suppresses basophil-derived IL-4 production, and R848, a toll-like receptor7 (TLR7) agonist, induces macrophage-derived IL-27 production. These pathways also indirectly induce the suppression of ILC2-mediated airway eosinophilic inflammation. ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell; M3R, muscarinic M3 receptor.