Table 1.

Structure of the SAFE educational content for 12 patient safety topics in the APPSE

Patient safety topics	Description		Educational contents and components according to SAFE competency				Added based on
		Competency	Speaking	Asking	Finding	Engaging	Patients' needs assessment	Literature and expert review
		Educational contents:	List of speak up videos	List of questions to ask	Reading materials	List of activities to engage in
		Component in the APPSE:	SAFE educational materials	Asking questions/SAFE educational materials	SAFE educational materials	Engaging in the healthcare process/SAFE educational materials
Patients' rights	All patients have the right to receive appropriate health and medical treatment services to protect and improve their own health. This includes the right to health, the right to know about health and medical services, the right to decide on health and medical treatment services and a guarantee of confidentiality.		•	•	•		•	•
Patient–provider communication	Patient–provider communication is communication exchanged between patients and providers in healthcare. Preparing to communicate with providers can help you communicate more effectively, which allows you get safer care and make better decisions when making treatment plans.		•	•	•	•		•
Patient advocate	Patient advocates are people who help and support patients in the healthcare system. They can help you communicate with providers and make medical appointments. They also can be with you for your care, treatment and examination, ask questions and participate to make better decisions.		•		•		•	•
Error prevention	Medical errors can occur any time, anywhere in the healthcare system. To keep yourself safe, you should actively participate as a member of your healthcare team. You can gain better outcomes and prevent patient safety events by participating more in decision‐making and healthcare.		•	•	•	•	•	•
Patient identity	Patient identification helps to provide safe and accurate treatment and healthcare services to patients by accurately identifying patients in all treatment processes.				•	•		•
Medical tests	Medical tests help to determine a patient's condition, make a diagnosis, plan treatment and monitor whether treatment is effective. (But sometimes, the wrong tests are ordered, and doctors get results too late, delaying the best treatment.)			•	•	•	•	•
Medication safety	Medication errors can occur anywhere in the process from medication prescription to medication use, which can lead to minor to life‐threatening side effects. Medication safety means being free from accidental events mentioned above. Knowing accurate information about your drug helps prevent errors.		•	•	•	•	•	•
Surgical care safety	Errors related to surgery can occur anywhere before, during and after surgery, and the types of patient safety events that can occur are also very diverse. It is important to actively participate to prevent patient safety events that may occur in surgery and to know accurate information about surgery.		•	•	•	•		•
Infection prevention	Healthcare‐associated infection refers to infections caused by the spread of bacteria from the patient himself or herself or other patients while receiving appropriate healthcare at the hospital, and are preventable patient safety events. In particular, patients with compromised immune system are easily exposed to infection, and infection can be fatal; therefore, attention is needed.		•	•	•	•		•
Prevention of falls/bed sores/blood clots	Falls are a common patient safety event and can occur anywhere including hospitals and patients' homes. Patients are physically vulnerable and may become tired or sleepy from drugs or other influences. Patients and families can improve patient safety by participating in fall prevention.		•		•	•		•
Preparation for hospitalization	Hospitals are a very complex environment and one can meet many people there, so once hospitalization is decided, preparations for hospitalization are required. Well‐prepared hospitalization can help you recover quickly during hospitalization and allow you to receive safer care.			•	•	•		•
Transition of care	When you are discharged from the hospital, you need to be cared for until full recovery at home or in a nursing home. To take care of yourself, you need to prepare many things for discharge. If you know and prepare what you need to know after discharge before you leave the hospital, you can improve the safety of your care.		•	•	•	•		•

Abbreviations: APPSE, Application for Patient Participation in Safety Enhancement; SAFE, Speaking up, Asking questions, Finding health information and Engaging in the healthcare process.