Table 1:
Characteristics of included randomized controlled trials
| Intervention | Comparator | Study | Year | Registration | Country | Age, yr, mean | Sex, male, % | No. of patients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Died | Hosp. | MV | ||||||||
| Azvudine | Standard care | Ren54 | 2020 | ChiCTR2000029853 | China | 52 | 60 | 20 | 0 | NR | NR |
| Emtricitabine–tenofovir | Standard care | Parienti53 | 2021 | NCT04685512 | France | 45.25 | 43.33 | 60 | 0 | 3 | NR |
| Emtricitabine–tenofovir | Tenofovir, placebo | Arruda30 | 2021 | NCT04712357 | Brazil | 38.04 | 35.4 | 150 | NR | 5 | NR |
| Emtricitabine–tenofovir | Placebo | Gaitan-Duarte40 | 2021 | NCT04359095 | Colombia | 55.39 | 67.61 | 324 | 19 | NR | NR |
| Favipiravir | Standard care | Balykova31 | 2020 | NCT04542694 | Russia | 47.33 | NR | 39 | 0 | NR | 0 |
| Favipiravir | Standard care | Balykova32 | 2020 | NR | Russia | 49.68 | 48.54 | 206 | 0 | NR | 0 |
| Favipiravir | Standard care | Ruzhentsova56 | 2020 | NCT04501783 | Russia | 41.8 | 47.02 | 168 | NR | 5 | 1 |
| Favipiravir | Standard care | Ivashchenko44 | 2020 | NCT04434248 | Russia | 50.73 | 50 | 40 | 2 | NR | 2 |
| Favipiravir | Placebo | Shinkai58 | 2021 | JapicCTI-205238 | Japan | 45.34 | 66.67 | 156 | 0 | NR | 14 |
| Favipiravir | Standard care | Udwadia59 | 2020 | CTRI/2020/05/025114 | India | 43.29 | 73.47 | 150 | 1 | NR | 14 |
| Favipiravir | Umifenovir | Chen36 | 2020 | ChiCTR2000030254 | China | NR | 46.61 | 240 | 0 | NR | NR |
| Favipiravir | Favipiravir | Doi38 | 2020 | jRCTs041190120 | Japan | 50 | 61.36 | 89 | NR | NR | NR |
| Favipiravir | Standard care | Zhao65 | 2021 | NCT04333589 | China | 55.7 | 45.45 | 55 | 0 | NR | NR |
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | Standard care | Ader57 | 2021 | NCT04315948 | France, Luxembourg | 63 | 71.7 | 300 | 13 | NR | 16 |
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | Umifenovir, placebo | Li47 | 2020 | NCT04252885 | China | 49.4 | 46.51 | 69 | 0 | NR | NR |
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | Standard care | Wang61 | 2020 | NR | China | NR | 38.3 | 60 | NR | NR | NR |
| Molnupiravir | Placebo | Bernal35 | 2021 | NCT04575597 | Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, France, Germany, Guatemala, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States | 44.85 | 48.71 | 1433 | 14 | 116 | 24 |
| Molnupiravir | Placebo | Fischer39 | 2021 | NCT04405570 | United States | 40.09 | 48.51 | 85 | 1 | 4 | NR |
| Molnupiravir | Standard care | Khoo46 | 2021 | NCT04746183 | United Kingdom | 56 | 27.78 | 8 | 0 | NR | NR |
| Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir | Placebo | EPIC-SR3,68 | 2021 | NCT05011513 | North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia | NR | NR | 854 | 0 | 13 | NR |
| Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir | Placebo | EPIC-HR (Hammond)67 | 2021 | NCT04960202 | Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Czechia, Hungary, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United States | NR | NR | 2246 | 12 | 76 | NR |
| Novaferon | Lopinavir–ritonavir | Zheng66 | 2020 | ChiCTR2000029496 | China | 46.73 | 47.19 | 60 | NR | NR | NR |
| Remdesivir | Placebo | Beigel34 | 2020 | NCT04280705 | Denmark, Greece, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Spain, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States | 58.9 | 64.41 | 1062 | 6 | NR | 5 |
| Remdesivir | Standard care | Ali29 | 2022 | NCT04330690 | Canada | 65.51 | 59.8 | 1282 | 12 | NR | 6 |
| Remdesivir | Placebo | Gottlieb42 | 2021 |
NCT04501952, EudraCT Number 2020–003510–12 |
Denmark, Spain, United Kingdom, United States | 50.5 | 52.14 | 584 | 0 | 23 | NR |
| Remdesivir | Standard care | Barratt-Due33 | 2021 | NCT04321616 | Norway | 59.8 | 65.75 | 94 | NR | NR | NR |
| Remdesivir | Standard care | Criner37 | 2020 | NCT04252664 | China | 57 | 61 | 384 | 8 | NR | NR |
| Remdesivir | Standard care | Ogbuagu51 | 2021 | NCT04252664 | China | NR | NR | 1005 | NR | NR | NR |
| Remdesivir | Standard care | Pan52 | 2020 | ISRCTN83971151, NCT04315948 | Albania, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Egypt, Finland, France, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malaysia, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Phillippines, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland | NR | 62.94 | 5475 | 24 | NR | NR |
| Remdesivir | Placebo | Wang60 | 2020 | NCT04257656 | China | 65 | 59.32 | 237 | 32 | NR | NR |
| Resveratrol | Placebo | McCreary48 | 2021 | NCT04400890 | United States | 56 | 40.95 | 105 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Ribavirin, lopinavir–ritonavir–ribavirin | Lopinavir–ritonavir | Huang43 | 2020 | ChiCTR2000029387 | China | 42.5 | 45.54 | 69 | 0 | NR | NR |
| Ribavirin–sofosbuvir–daclatasvir | Standard care | Kasgari45 | 2020 | IRCT20200328046886N1 | Iran | 52.5 | 37.5 | 48 | 3 | NR | 4 |
| Sofosbuvir–daclatasvir | Standard care | Roozbeh55 | 2020 | IRCT20200403046926N1 | Iran | 43 | 47.27 | 60 | NR | 5 | NR |
| Sofosbuvir–daclatasvir | Placebo | Mobarak49 | 2021 | IRCT20200624047908N1 | Iran | 58 | 54.02 | 1083 | 128 | NR | 30 |
| Sofosbuvir–daclatasvir | Lopinavir–ritonavir | Yadollahzadeh62 | 2021 | IRCT20200328046885N1 | Iran | 57.56 | 44.64 | 112 | 5 | NR | NR |
| Sofosbuvir–daclatasvir | Standard care | Yakoot63 | 2020 | DRKS00022203 | Egypt | 49.01 | 42.7 | 89 | 4 | NR | NR |
| Sofosbuvir–ledipasvir | Standard care | Khalili50 | 2020 | IRCT20100228003449N29 | Iran | 62.23 | NR | 90 | 6 | NR | 7 |
| Triazavirin | Placebo | Wu28 | 2020 | ChiCTR20000300001 | China | 58 | 50 | 52 | 1 | NR | NR |
| Umifenovir | Standard care | Ghaderkhani41 | 2020 | IR.TUMS.VCR. REC.1399.204, 04.13.2020 | Iran | 44.38 | 60.38 | 56 | NR | NR | NR |
| Umifenovir | Standard care | Yethindra64 | 2020 | NR | Kyrgyzstan | 36.5 | 60 | 30 | 0 | NR | NR |
Note: Hosp. = admitted to hospital, MV = mechanical ventilation, NR = not reported.