Table 4. Moderating variables on within-subject associations between acute stress and cardiovascular outcomes.
| Systolic blood pressure | Diastolic blood pressure | Heart rate | Heart rate variability | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| / | ↑ | ↓ | Ref. | / | ↑ | ↓ | Ref. | / | ↑ | ↓ | Ref. | / | ↑ | ↓ | Ref. | |
| Sociodemographic variables (BS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Age | - | ✓ | - | [137] | - | ✓ | ✓ | [159] | ||||||||
| • Gender (female vs. male) | ✓ | - | - | [143] | ✓ | - | - | [143] | ✓ | - | - | [143, 155] | ✓ | - | - | [155] |
| • Ethnicity | ✓ | - | - | [143] | ✓ | - | - | [143] | ✓ | - | - | [143] | - | - | - | |
| Health-related variables (BS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Post-traumatic stress disorder | - | ✓ | - | [149] | - | ✓ | - | [149] | ✓ | ✓ | - | [149, 156] | - | ✓ | - | [156] |
| • Cardiorespiratory fitness | - | - | ✓ | [164] | ||||||||||||
| Personality-related variables (BS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Anxious attachment | ✓ | - | - | [146] | ✓ | - | - | [146] | ✓ | - | - | [146] | ||||
| • Avoidant attachment | ✓ | - | - | [146] | - | ✓ | - | [146] | ✓ | - | - | [146] | ||||
| • Test anxiety | - | ✓ | - | [139] | ✓ | - | - | [139] | ✓ | - | - | [139] | ||||
| • Hostility | ✓ | - | - | [144] | ✓ | ✓ | - | [144, 165] | ✓ | - | - | [144] | ||||
| • Rumination | ✓ | - | - | [160] | ||||||||||||
| • Neuroticism | ✓ | - | - | [160] | ||||||||||||
| Family-related variables (BS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Experience of childhood parental death and parental caring | ✓ | - | - | [136] | ✓ | - | - | [136] | ||||||||
| Work-related variables (BS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Work-supportive family | ✓ | - | - | [150] | ✓ | - | - | [150] | ✓ | - | - | [150] | ||||
| • Family-supportive supervision | - | - | ✓ | [150] | - | - | ✓ | [150] | ✓ | - | - | [150] | ||||
| • Job resources | - | - | ✓ | [142] | ✓ | - | - | [163] | ||||||||
| • Chronic work stress | - | ✓ | - | [154] | ||||||||||||
| Work-related variables (WS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Job resources | ✓ | - | - | [141] | ✓ | - | - | [141] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [141, 143, 153] | ||||
| Other variables (BS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Physical activity | - | - | ✓ | [138] | - | - | ✓ | [138] | ||||||||
| • Social support | - | - | ✓ | [147] | - | - | ✓ | [147] | ||||||||
| Other variables (WS) | ||||||||||||||||
| • Physical activity | - | - | ✓ | [138] | - | - | ✓ | [138] | ||||||||
| • Resilience | - | ✓ | - | [162] | ||||||||||||
| • Being in company with someone | ✓ | - | - | [160] | ||||||||||||
| • menstrual cycle phase (luteal vs. follicular phase) | - | ✓ | - | [155] | - | ✓ | - | [155] | ||||||||
BS = between-subject moderating variables; Ref. = References; WS = within-subject moderating variables; / = no moderation effect; ↑ = moderating variable increased relationship between acute stress and cardiovascular outcomes (i.e. increased stress reactivity); ↓ = moderating variable decreased relationship between acute stress and cardiovascular outcomes (i.e. decreased stress reactivity)