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. 2022 Jul 14;13:922760. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.922760

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Copyright © 2022 Getahun, Ngiela, Makwatta, Ahuya, Simon, Kamau, Torto and Masiga.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Trypanosoma congolense infection induced dihydro-β-ionone in urine metabolites. (A–D) GC-MS profiles showing dihydro-β-ionone and dihydro-α-ionone levels in T. congolense-uninfected and infected cows, and (E) graph showing the significant change in abundance of dihydro-β-ionone due to T. congolense infection (F). Graph showing the significant change in a relative abundance of dihydro-α-ionone due to T. congolense infection. Y-axis in (A–D) is the area of the peak, which reflects the amount of a given compound. The size and area of the component peak are proportional to the amount of the component reaching the detector. X-axis in (A–D) is retention time in minute, which is a measure of the time taken for a compound to pass through a chromatography column. It is calculated as the time from injection to detection.