FIGURE 4.

Trypanosoma vivax infection induced similar metabolites. (A) Parasitemia and PCV change over time in T. vivax-infected cow. Left Y-axis the red dot is the measure of PCV it signifies the level of anemia from pre-infection (day 0) to 33 days post-infection, PCV < 25 considered anemic. Right Y-axis, black-dotted graph is the change in parasitemia (number of parasites/ml blood).>10 trypanosomes per field is equivalent to ∼ > 5 × 10⁵ trypanosomes/ml blood; and 1–10 trypanosome per field is equivalent to ∼10⁴ – 5 × 10⁵ trypanosomes/ml blood. (B) GC-MS profile showing dihydro-β-ionone induction and dihydro-α-ionone enhancement due to T. vivax infection, (C) GC-MS profile showing the induction of junenol due to T. vivax infection. (D) The mean signal intensity of junenol in healthy and T. congolense-infected cow urine, n = 4, paired t-test 3.96, P = 0.02.