FIGURE 9.

Phenolic biomarkers can be used to diagnose animal trypanosomosis. (A) Shows the urine of the same cow before (day 0 pre-infection), during infection (day 7 post-infection) and after treatment. (B) Spectrophotometer data quantifying the total phenolic content in the urine of healthy, infected, treated cow (verbine) and 500 ng/μl p-cresol (positive control) as standard. Bars followed by different letters are statistically different, ANOVA followed by Tukeys Post hoc test, n = 4. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Folin–Ciocalteu reagent upon reacting with phenolics, it produces a blue color which absorbs at 760 nm and the intensity increases linearly with the concentration of phenolics in the sample.