Table 3.

Determinants of the economic burden during COVID-19 pandemic.

Variable(s)	Reduced business		Reduced consumption
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Socio-demographic characteristics of street vendors
Marital status (Ref = Currently married)	0.669*	0.404	−0.503	−0.741
	(0.086)	(0.315)	(0.375)	(0.165)
Education level (Ref = Never go to school)
Elementary school	−0.186	−0.427	−0.478	−0.785
	(0.591)	(0.267)	(0.190)	(0.055)
Secondary school	0.101	−0.099	−0.426	−0.723
	(0.798)	(0.809)	(0.288)	(0.070)
High school	0.735	0.138	−0.089	−0.695
	(0.155)	(0.793)	(0.852)	(0.187)
Age (Ref = Young adults)
Middle-aged adults	−0.157	−0.499	−0.372	−0.555
	(0.752)	(0.327)	(0.326)	(0.243)
Older adults	0.153	−0.337	−0.470	−0.899
	(0.789)	(0.588)	(0.273)	(0.086)
Immigration status (Ref = Local resident)	0.597**	0.776***	0.023	0.207
	(0.026)	(0.008)	(0.934)	(0.505)
Characteristics of street vending
Vending experience (Ref = ≤2 years)
2–<5 years		0.269		0.259
		(0.485)		(0.476)
≥5 years		0.132		0.195
		(0.730)		(0.546)
Sales area (Ref = Schools, recreation centers)
Residential or office areas		−0.030		0.222
		(0.946)		(0.605)
Wet markets		−0.953**		−1.006**
		(0.016)		(0.018)
Commodity (Ref = Staple food)		0.308		−0.310
		(0.357)		(0.248)
Constant cut 1	−0.746	−1.430**	−2.444***	−3.179***
	(0.198)	(0.012)	(0.001)	(0.000)
Constant cut 2	−0.647	−1.320**	−1.920***	−2.591***
	(0.275)	(0.019)	(0.006)	(0.000)
Constant cut 3	−0.021	−0.658	−1.644**	−2.296***
	(0.973)	(0.288)	(0.018)	(0.002)
Constant cut 4	0.559	−0.053	−0.647	−1.251*
	(0.359)	(0.933)	(0.332)	(0.081)
Constant cut 5	0.878	0.284
	(0.149)	(0.654)
Observations	91	91	91	91

Source: Authors' calculation.

Note: robust p-value in parentheses.

** and *** represent statistical significance at the 5 % and 1 % levels, respectively.