Table 1.
Baseline Demographic, Military Service and Clinical Characteristics.
| All N = 192 | VRE n = 97 | PE n = 95 | p value | DCS n = 95 | Placebo n = 97 | p value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age M (SD) | 34.62 | 7.80 | 34.29 | 7.32 | 34.96 | 8.30 | 0.556 | 34.97 | 8.17 | 34.27 | 7.45 | 0.538 |
| Male n (%) | 172 | 89.6 | 88 | 90.7 | 84 | 88.4 | 0.602 | 83 | 87.4 | 89 | 91.8 | |
| Ethnicity/Race n (%) | 0.975 | 0.676 | ||||||||||
| White | 88 | 45.8 | 46 | 47.4 | 42 | 44.2 | 41 | 43.2 | 47 | 48.5 | ||
| African American/Black | 29 | 15.1 | 14 | 14.4 | 15 | 15.8 | 14 | 14.7 | 15 | 15.5 | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 53 | 27.6 | 26 | 26.8 | 27 | 28.4 | 30 | 31.6 | 23 | 23.7 | ||
| Other | 22 | 11.5 | 11 | 11.3 | 11 | 11.6 | 10 | 10.5 | 12 | 12.4 | ||
| Education n (%) | 0.479 | 0.685 | ||||||||||
| High school or GED | 29 | 15.1 | 17 | 17.5 | 12 | 12.6 | 12 | 12.6 | 17 | 17.5 | ||
| Some college/training | 104 | 54.2 | 54 | 55.7 | 50 | 52.6 | 52 | 54.7 | 52 | 53.6 | ||
| College graduate | 33 | 17.2 | 13 | 13.4 | 20 | 21.1 | 16 | 16.8 | 17 | 17.5 | ||
| More than college | 26 | 13.5 | 13 | 13.4 | 13 | 13.7 | 15 | 15.8 | 11 | 11.3 | ||
| Relationship status n (%) | 0.915 | 0.749 | ||||||||||
| Single | 59 | 30.7 | 30 | 30.9 | 29 | 30.5 | 27 | 28.4 | 32 | 33.3 | ||
| Married/Live w/significant other | 100 | 52.1 | 49 | 51.0 | 51 | 53.7 | 52 | 54.7 | 48 | 50.0 | ||
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 33 | 17.2 | 17 | 18.5 | 15 | 15.8 | 16 | 16.8 | 16 | 16.7 | ||
| Military characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Military service n (%) | 0.119 | 0.492 | ||||||||||
| OEF only | 39 | 20.3 | 25 | 64.1 | 14 | 35.9 | 16 | 41.0 | 23 | 59.0 | ||
| OIF only | 86 | 44.8 | 38 | 44.2 | 48 | 55.8 | 44 | 51.2 | 42 | 48.8 | ||
| Both OEF and OIF | 67 | 34.9 | 34 | 50.7 | 33 | 49.3 | 35 | 52.2 | 32 | 47.8 | ||
| Branch of the Armed Forces n (%) | 0.357 | 0.787 | ||||||||||
| Army | 113 | 58.9 | 62 | 54.9 | 51 | 45.1 | 56 | 49.6 | 57 | 50.4 | ||
| Marines | 55 | 28.6 | 26 | 47.3 | 29 | 52.7 | 26 | 47.3 | 29 | 52.7 | ||
| Navy | 15 | 7.8 | 5 | 33.3 | 10 | 66.7 | 8 | 53.3 | 7 | 46.7 | ||
| Air Force | 8 | 4.2 | 3 | 37.5 | 5 | 62.5 | 5 | 62.5 | 3 | 37.5 | ||
| Other | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | ||
| Number of deployments n (%) | 0.198 | 0.576 | ||||||||||
| 1 | 68 | 35.4 | 38 | 55.9 | 30 | 44.1 | 35 | 51.5 | 33 | 48.5 | ||
| 2 | 66 | 34.4 | 33 | 50.0 | 33 | 50 | 32 | 48.5 | 34 | 51.5 | ||
| 3 | 26 | 13.5 | 15 | 57.7 | 11 | 42.3 | 10 | 38.5 | 16 | 61.5 | ||
| 4 or more | 32 | 16.7 | 11 | 34.4 | 21 | 65.6 | 18 | 56.3 | 14 | 43.8 | ||
| Months in theater M (SD) | 19.19 | 13.48 | 17.79 | 10.57 | 20.62 | 15.85 | 0.149 | 19.31 | 14.94 | 19.08 | 11.97 | 0.909 |
| Active duty n (%) | 46 | 24 | 22 | 47.8 | 24 | 52.2 | 0.675 | 23 | 50.0 | 23 | 50.0 | 0.935 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Past PTSD treatment n (%) | 118 | 61.5 | 58 | 49.2 | 60 | 50.8 | 0.632 | 57 | 48.3 | 61 | 51.7 | 0.681 |
| Traumatic Brain Injury n (%) | 65 | 34.6 | 34 | 35.0 | 31 | 32.9 | 0.804 | 32 | 33.7 | 33 | 34.0 | 0.953 |
| Concussion n (%) | 57 | 29.7 | 25 | 25.8 | 32 | 33.7 | 0.230 | 28 | 29.5 | 29 | 29.9 | 0.949 |
| Physical or sexual trauma n (%) | 124 | 65.3 | 65 | 67.0 | 59 | 63.4 | 0.605 | 59 | 62.8 | 65 | 67.7 | 0.474 |
| Baseline MDD n (%) | 104 | 54.2 | 54 | 51.9 | 50 | 48.1 | 0.673 | 52 | 50.0 | 52 | 50.0 | 0.875 |
| Baseline SSRI n (%) | 45 | 23.4 | 16 | 16.5 | 29 | 30.5 | 0.022 | 23 | 24.2 | 22 | 22.7 | 0.802 |
| Alcohol Abuse n (%) | 46 | 24.0 | 25 | 25.8 | 21 | 22.1 | 0.552 | 20 | 21.1 | 26 | 26.8 | 0.351 |
| Substance Abuse n (%) | 12 | 6.3 | 5 | 5.2 | 7 | 7.4 | 0.526 | 6 | 6.3 | 6 | 6.2 | 0.970 |
P values are based on independent samples t-tests or chi-squared tests (p < 0.05 are bolded). Alcohol and substance abuse include participants meeting MINI criteria for abuse (past 12 months) and dependence (past 12 months but not past 3 months). Lifetime Traumatic Brain Injury was self-reported. Concussion information was self-reported as head trauma involving loss of consciousness for more than 5 minutes. TBI was Abbreviations: VRE virtual reality exposure therapy, PE prolonged imaginal exposure therapy, DCS D-Cycloserine, MDD major depressive disorder, SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, CAPS-IV Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale for DSM-IV, OEF and OIF Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.