Table 2.
Descriptive and Model-estimated Statistics for Primary Outcome (CAPS-IV, past week): Exposure Therapy and Augmentation Over Time by Baseline MDD.
| Exposure Therapy (VRE vs. PE) | Augmentation (DCS vs. Placebo) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VRE n = 97 | PE n = 95 | DCS n = 95 | Placebo n = 97 | |||||||||
| CAPS-IV, past week | Descriptive Statistics | Descriptive Statistics | ||||||||||
| Overall | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD |
| Baseline | 97 | 73.13 | 19.48 | 95 | 72.94 | 19.56 | 95 | 73.42 | 19.31 | 97 | 72.66 | 19.72 |
| After session 4 | 81 | 76.85 | 19.88 | 68 | 71.65 | 24.48 | 73 | 77.04 | 21.39 | 76 | 72.01 | 22.77 |
| After session 6 | 73 | 62.97 | 23.73 | 64 | 64.80 | 26.78 | 70 | 65.51 | 25.31 | 67 | 62.06 | 24.99 |
| Posttreatment | 69 | 52.42 | 26.55 | 61 | 50.61 | 25.22 | 69 | 54.20 | 26.72 | 61 | 48.59 | 24.71 |
| 3-month Follow-up | 64 | 49.03 | 26.12 | 52 | 50.35 | 28.93 | 62 | 53.00 | 27.55 | 54 | 45.74 | 26.71 |
| MDD | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 54 | 78.44 | 17.20 | 50 | 81.90 | 17.28 | 52 | 81.54 | 16.86 | 52 | 78.67 | 17.66 |
| After session 4 | 45 | 78.31 | 22.23 | 38 | 81.55 | 21.81 | 41 | 83.93 | 20.41 | 42 | 75.76 | 22.91 |
| After session 6 | 39 | 63.15 | 25.62 | 36 | 73.53 | 23.77 | 38 | 72.13 | 25.45 | 37 | 64.03 | 24.46 |
| Posttreatment | 35 | 53.00 | 29.02 | 34 | 61.76 | 24.00 | 38 | 62.74 | 27.34 | 31 | 50.68 | 25.06 |
| 3-month Follow-up | 30 | 53.10 | 29.45 | 27 | 61.67 | 29.84 | 31 | 64.00 | 28.49 | 26 | 49.00 | 29.54 |
| No MDD | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 43 | 66.47 | 20.31 | 45 | 62.98 | 17.10 | 43 | 63.60 | 17.58 | 45 | 65.71 | 19.87 |
| After session 4 | 37 | 74.14 | 17.26 | 30 | 59.10 | 22.06 | 32 | 68.22 | 19.55 | 35 | 66.66 | 22.15 |
| After session 6 | 34 | 62.76 | 21.74 | 28 | 53.57 | 26.61 | 32 | 57.66 | 23.14 | 30 | 59.63 | 25.83 |
| Posttreatment | 34 | 51.82 | 24.17 | 27 | 36.56 | 19.20 | 31 | 43.74 | 22.16 | 30 | 46.43 | 24.59 |
| 3-month Follow-up | 32 | 46.22 | 23.08 | 22 | 39.86 | 23.55 | 29 | 43.17 | 22.19 | 25 | 44.16 | 24.91 |
| CAPS-IV, past week | Model-estimated statisticsa at posttreatment | Model-estimated statisticsa at posttreatment | ||||||||||
| Mean difference (VRE vs. PE) | 95%CI | p value | ES | Mean difference (DCS vs. placebo) | 95%CI | p value | ES | |||||
| MDD | ||||||||||||
| Intent-to-treat analysis | 3.51 | (1.17, 5.86) | 0.004 | 0.14 | −8.43 | (−10.98, −5.88) | <0.001 | −0.42 | ||||
| No MDD | ||||||||||||
| Intent-to-treat analysis | −8.87 | (−11.33, −6.40) | <.001 | −0.44 | 0.75 | (−1.81, 3.30) | 0.559 | 0.03 | ||||
aModel-estimated statistics are based on mixed-effects linear regression models examining change in CAPS-IV scores (past week) over time (baseline, after sessions 4 and 6, and posttreatment) with random intercepts and unstructured covariance structure. Intent to treat analysis: Exposure therapy (VRE vs. PE) by MDD interaction p value = 0.045; augmentation (DCS vs. placebo) by MDD interaction p value = 0.073. ES- standardized effect size (model-estimated between-group differences divided by the common standard deviation of the CAPS-IV changes scores baseline-posttreatment).