Table 3.
Role of autophagy proteins.
| Stage | Yeast Proteins | Mammalian Homologous | Regulatory Function in Autophagy | Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction | ATG1 | ULK1, ULK2 | Interacts with mTORC1; necessary initiation of autophagy regulation | ATG13, ATG1, ATG17 |
| ATG13 | ATG13 | Control autophagy induction modulating enzyme activity and cellular localization of ULK1 | ULK1, ULK2, FIP200 | |
| ATG17 | FIP-200 | Autophagy initiator | ULK1, ATG13, ATG101 | |
| Nucleation | ATG6 | Beclin 1 | Bcl-2 binding protein creates a regulatory complex with PI3K class III (VPS34). | Vps34, Pl3K, UVRAG |
| ATG9 | ATG9A | Associates to the pre-autophagosome structure. In yeast, it helps assemble the autophagosome. | ATG2 | |
| ATG9B | ||||
| ATG14 | ATG14L | Autophagy specific subunit from the complex of PI3K Class III and Beclin-1 | LC3 | |
| ATG18 | WIPI1-4 | It binds to PI3P, possible participation in the nucleation stage. | DFCP1 | |
| Elongation | ATG3 | ATG3 | Ubiquitin E2 like enzyme acts as ligase of ATG8 and ATG12 and catalyzes the conjugation of ATG8 similar proteins to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). | ATG7, ATG8, ATG12 |
| ATG4 | ATG4A-D | ATG8 cysteine peptidase converts pro-LC3 (ATG8) into LC3-I and delipidated autophagosomal LC3-II. | ATG8 | |
| ATG5 | ATG5 | ATG5 makes a complex with ATG12 and helps with the autophagosome elongation. | ATG12, ATG16L | |
| ATG7 | ATG7 | Ubiquitin E1 conjugase-like enzyme helps conjugate ATG8 to PE and acts as E1 enzyme for the conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5 and ATG3. | ATG8, ATG3, ATG12 | |
| ATG8 | LC3A, | Ubiquitin-like modifier; it associates with a stable component for the autophagosomal membrane | ATG3, ATG4, ATG7 | |
| LC3B, | ||||
| LC3C | ||||
| ATG10 | ATG10 | Ubiquitin E2 type enzyme catalyzes the conjugation of ATG5 and ATG12. | ATG12, ATG16L | |
| ATG12 | ATG12 | Complex with ATG5 and helps in the autophagosomal elongation. | ATG3, ATG5, ATG7, ATG10, ATG16 | |
| ATG16 | ATG16L1/L2 | Associated with the isolation membrane, making a complex with Atg5-Atg12, helps in autophagosomal elongation. | ATG5, ATG12 |