Table 4.
Diseases related to autophagy.
| Role of Autophagy in Diseases | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Organ | Diseases | Autophagy Function | References |
| whole body (general function) | Tumor suppression and progression. | Selective degradation of p62, damaged mitochondria, and microbes; starvation-induced amino acid production; recycling of cytoplasmic content. | [4,301,302,303] |
| Brain | AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, HD, and PD. | Prevention in the formation of aggregates, Parkin-dependent mitophagy, nutrient regulation, and energy balance. | [30,287,301,304,305] |
| Muscle | Danon disease, X-linked myopathy (XMEA), Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, Bethlem myopathy, sarcopenia. | Maintains muscle mass. | [291,306,307,308] |
| Bone | Paget’s disease, osteopetrosis, and osteopenia. | Bone metabolism. Terminal differentiation of osteoblasts. Maintains bone mass. |
[292,309,310,311] |
| Lung | Cystic fibrosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and lung cancer. | Regulation of the responsiveness of the airways. Drive and regulate inflammatory responses in chronic lung diseases. |
[293,312,313,314] |
| Liver | Hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic ad nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, α-antitrypsin deficiency. Viral hepatitis. |
Adaptation to starvation through induction of glycogenolysis, lipolysis and protein catabolism, prevention of hepatocellular degeneration, and suppression of liver tumors. | [294,315,316,317] |
| Pancreas | Pancreatitis, and diabetes. | Adaptation of B cells to a diet rich in fat; prevention of trypsin autoactivation. | [295,296,301,318] |
| Gut | Crohn’s disease. | Maintenance of Paneth cell function. | [297,319,320,321] |
| Heart | Heart failure and atherosclerosis. | Adaptation to hemodynamic stress; prevention of age-dependent dysfunction. | [4,298,299,322] |
| Multi-Organ | COVID-19 | Inhibition of the Autophagy flux by SARS-CoV-2. | [300,323,324,325] |