Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients.
| Variables | Total (n=6463) | Men (n=3673) | Women (n=2790) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.42 ± 16.58 | 64.86 ± 16.38 | 68.48 ± 16.61 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.65 ± 7.50 | 29.52 ± 7.26 | 29.82 ± 7.80 | 0.113 | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.119 | ||||
| White | 4217 (65.2) | 2367 (64.4) | 1850 (66.3) | ||
| Non-white | 2246 (34.8) | 1306 (35.6) | 940 (33.7) | ||
| Admission type, n (%) | 0.715 | ||||
| Emergency | 4003 (61.9) | 2282 (62.1) | 1721 (61.7) | ||
| Non-emergency | 2460 (38.1) | 1391 (37.9) | 1069 (38.3) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 2671 (41.3) | 1477 (40.2) | 1194 (42.8) | 0.037 | |
| Coronary atherosclerosis | 1098 (17.1) | 687 (18.7) | 411 (14.7) | <0.001 | |
| Heart failure | 2048 (31.7) | 1124 (30.6) | 924 (33.1) | 0.031 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1708 (26.4) | 977 (27.1) | 711 (25.5) | 0.134 | |
| COPD | 561 (8.7) | 290 (7.9) | 271 (9.7) | 0.01 | |
| Cerebral infarction | 673 (10.4) | 353 (9.6) | 320 (11.5) | 0.015 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 98 (1.5) | 61 (1.7) | 37 (1.3) | 0.276 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1412 (21.8) | 858 (23.4) | 554 (19.9) | 0.001 | |
| Tumor | 1109 (17.2) | 619 (16.9) | 490 (17.6) | 0.453 | |
| Severity scale (at admission) | |||||
| APS III | 64.89 ± 27.57 | 64.59 ± 27.91 | 65.30 ± 27.12 | 0.307 | |
| OASIS | 39.24 ± 9.19 | 38.77 ± 9.14 | 39.86 ± 9.21 | <0.001 | |
| SOFA | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-4) | <0.001 | |
| Interventions, n (%) | |||||
| Vasopressor use | 473 (7.3) | 278 (7.6) | 195 (7.0) | 0.376 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4087 (63.2) | 2391 (65.1) | 1696 (60.8) | <0.001 | |
| Diuretic | 1616 (25.0) | 837 (22.8) | 779 (27.9) | <0.001 | |
| Aminoglycoside | 135 (2.1) | 79 (2.2) | 56 (2.0) | 0.689 | |
| Statin | 1836 (28.4) | 1084 (29.5) | 752 (27.0) | 0.024 | |
| ACEI/ARBs | 662 (10.2) | 367 (10.0) | 295 (10.6) | 0.445 | |
| Vital signs | |||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 92.45 ± 21.17 | 91.99 ± 21.31 | 93.05 ± 20.97 | 0.047 | |
| MAP (mmHg) | 82.50 ± 19.57 | 82.80 ± 18.93 | 82.10 ± 20.38 | 0.155 | |
| RR (times/min) | 20.28 ± 6.32 | 20.12 ± 6.26 | 20.50 ± 6.39 | 0.018 | |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.73 ± 1.00 | 36.76 ± 1.01 | 36.69 ± 1.00 | 0.005 | |
| SpO2 (%) | 98 (95-100) | 98 (95-100) | 98 (95-100) | 0.927 | |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| WBC (k/uL) | 12.3 (8.6-17.2) | 12.3 (8.6-17.2) | 12.2 (8.5-17.2) | 0.692 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 10.60 ± 2.30 | 10.92 ± 2.41 | 10.18 ± 2.07 | <0.001 | |
| Platelet (k/uL) | 202.50 ± 114.86 | 194.30 ± 111.88 | 213.30 ± 117.81 | <0.001 | |
| PH | 7.35 ± 0.10 | 7.35 ± 0.10 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 0.022 | |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 22.21 ± 5.14 | 22.23 ± 4.84 | 22.18 ± 5.51 | 0.662 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 22 (15-36) | 22 (15-37) | 21 (14-34) | <0.001 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.8-1.7) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | 0.9 (0.7-1.5) | <0.001 | |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.24 ± 0.80 | 4.33 ± 0.81 | 4.12 ± 0.77 | <0.001 | |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.79 ± 5.85 | 138.71 ± 5.73 | 138.89 ± 6.01 | 0.213 | |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 104.64 ± 7.18 | 104.48 ± 7.05 | 104.83 ± 7.33 | 0.056 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 155.44 ± 82.87 | 155.75 ± 82.84 | 155.01 ± 82.93 | 0.721 | |
| PT (s) | 17.20 ± 9.94 | 17.21 ± 9.53 | 17.18 ± 10.45 | 0.918 | |
| APTT (s) | 38.97 ± 23.67 | 39.08 ± 23.56 | 38.83 ± 23.83 | 0.672 | |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.3-2.9) | 1.9 (1.3-2.9) | 1.8 (1.3-2.8) | 0.004 | |
| AKI | 5368 (83.1) | 3078 (83.8) | 2290 (82.1) | 0.068 | |
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or numbers (percentages).
ACEI/ARBs, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; AKI, Acute kidney injury; APS III, Acute Physiology Score III; APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time; BMI, Body mass index; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OASIS, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; PT, Prothrombin time; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; RR, Respiratory rate; WBC, White blood cell.