Table 2.
Comparison between AKI group and non-AKI group.
| Variables | non-AKI group (n=1095) | AKI group (n=5368) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.01 ± 18.98 | 67.52 ± 15.82 | <0.001 |
| Sex (males, %) | 595 (54.3) | 3078 (57.3) | 0.068 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.71 ± 4.15 | 30.46 ± 7.77 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.056 | ||
| White | 687 (62.7) | 3530 (65.8) | |
| Non-white | 408 (37.3) | 1838 (34.2) | |
| Admission type, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Emergency | 356 (32.5) | 2104 (39.2) | |
| Non-emergency | 739 (67.5) | 3264 (60.8) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 423 (38.6) | 2248 (41.9) | 0.047 |
| Coronary atherosclerosis | 119 (10.9) | 979 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 177 (16.2) | 1871 (34.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 197 (18.0) | 1511 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 67 (6.1) | 494 (9.2) | 0.001 |
| Cerebral infarction | 99 (9.0) | 574 (10.7) | 0.103 |
| Chronic liver disease | 8 (0.7) | 90 (1.7) | 0.02 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 116 (10.6) | 1296 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Tumor | 222 (20.3) | 887 (16.5) | 0.003 |
| Severity scale (at admission) | |||
| APS III | 47.98 ± 19.32 | 68.34 ± 27.73 | <0.001 |
| OASIS | 32.84 ± 7.72 | 40.55 ± 8.91 | <0.001 |
| SOFA | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-5) | <0.001 |
| Interventions, n (%) | |||
| Vasopressor use | 51 (4.7) | 422 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation use | 560 (51.1) | 3527 (65.7) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 506 (46.2) | 1110 (20.7) | <0.001 |
| Aminoglycoside | 58 (5.3) | 77 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 340 (31.1) | 1496 (27.9) | 0.033 |
| ACEI/ARBs | 253 (23.1) | 409 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Vital signs | |||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 92.65 ± 20.74 | 92.41 ± 21.25 | 0.736 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 81.15 ± 18.01 | 82.16 ± 19.86 | 0.001 |
| RR (times/min) | 20.08 ± 5.88 | 20.32 ± 6.41 | 0.219 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.88 ± 0.90 | 36.70 ± 1.02 | <0.001 |
| SpO2 (%) | 98 (96-100) | 98 (95-100) | 0.311 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| WBC (k/uL) | 11.4 (7.8-15.8) | 12.5 (8.8-17.5) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 10.64 ± 2.13 | 10.59 ± 2.33 | 0.529 |
| Platelet (k/uL) | 208.86 ± 112.72 | 201.21 ± 115.26 | 0.045 |
| PH | 7.38 ± 0.81 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 22.70 ± 4.82 | 22.11 ± 5.20 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 16 (11-27) | 23 (15-37) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | 1.1 (0.8-1.8) | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.02 ± 0.66 | 4.28 ± 0.81 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.13 ± 5.87 | 138.72 ± 5.84 | 0.035 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 105.11 ± 7.13 | 104.54 ± 7.18 | 0.016 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 141.06 ± 69.98 | 158.37 ± 84.97 | <0.001 |
| PT (s) | 15.34 ± 6.55 | 17.57 ± 10.46 | <0.001 |
| APTT (s) | 34.59 ± 18.37 | 39.87 ± 24.52 | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.3-2.3) | 1.9 (1.3-3) | <0.001 |
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or numbers (percentages).
ACEI/ARBs, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; AKI, Acute kidney injury; APS III, Acute Physiology Score III; APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time; BMI, Body mass index; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OASIS, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; PT, Prothrombin time; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; RR, Respiratory rate; WBC, White blood cell.