Table 4.
Comparisons of baseline SA-AKI patient characteristics before and after propensity score matching.
| Variables | Before propensity score matching | After propensity score matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n=3078) | Women (n=2290) | SMD | Men (n=1866) | Women (n=1866) | SMD | |
| Age (years) | 65.95 ± 15.70 | 69.65 ± 15.73 | 0.235 | 68.55 ± 15.10 | 68.66 ± 16.19 | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.22 ± 7.54 | 30.77 ± 8.06 | 0.07 | 30.44 ± 7.98 | 30.46 ± 7.50 | 0.003 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.013 | 0.009 | ||||
| White | 2016 (65.5) | 1514 (66.1) | 1243 (66.6) | 1235 (66.2) | ||
| Non-white | 1062 (34.5) | 776 (33.9) | 623 (33.4) | 631 (33.8) | ||
| Admission type, n (%) | 0.002 | 0.007 | ||||
| Emergency | 1205 (39.1) | 899 (39.3) | 732 (39.2) | 726 (38.9) | ||
| Non-emergency | 1873 (60.9) | 1391 (60.7) | 1134 (60.8) | 1140 (61.1) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1261 (41.0) | 987 (43.1) | 0.043 | 771 (41.3) | 796 (42.7) | 0.027 |
| Coronary atherosclerosis | 612 (19.9) | 367 (16.0) | 0.101 | 300 (16.1) | 325 (17.4) | 0.036 |
| Heart failure | 1034 (33.6) | 837 (36.6) | 0.062 | 669 (35.9) | 652 (34.9) | 0.019 |
| Diabetes mellitus |
881 (28.6) | 630 (27.5) | 0.025 | 533 (28.6) | 534 (28.6) | 0.001 |
| COPD | 252 (8.2) | 242 (10.6) | 0.082 | 179 (9.6) | 183 (9.8) | 0.007 |
| Cerebral infarction | 306 (9.9) | 268 (11.7) | 0.057 | 208 (11.1) | 207 (11.1) | 0.002 |
| Chronic liver disease | 56 (1.8) | 34 (1.5) | 0.026 | 30 (1.6) | 30 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 790 (25.7) | 506 (22.1) | 0.084 | 450 (24.1) | 440 (23.6) | 0.013 |
| Tumor | 493 (16.0) | 394 (17.2) | 0.032 | 318 (17.0) | 315 (16.9) | 0.004 |
| Severity scale (at admission) | ||||||
| APS III | 68.00 ± 28.03 | 68.80 ± 27.32 | 0.029 | 68.81 ± 27.26 | 68.28 ± 27.51 | 0.019 |
| OASIS | 40.02 ± 8.86 | 41.26 ± 8.93 | 0.139 | 40.84 ± 8.72 | 40.70 ± 8.91 | 0.016 |
| SOFA | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-5) | 0.13 | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-5) | 0.034 |
| Interventions, n (%) | ||||||
| Vasopressor use | 252 (8.2) | 170 (7.4) | 0.028 | 136 (7.3) | 142 (7.6) | 0.012 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2085 (67.7) | 1442 (63.0) | 0.1 | 1191 (63.8) | 1215 (65.1) | 0.027 |
| Diuretic | 579 (18.8) | 531 (23.2) | 0.108 | 417 (22.3) | 410 (22.0) | 0.009 |
| Aminoglycoside | 49 (1.6) | 28 (1.2) | 0.031 | 20 (1.1) | 26 (1.4) | 0.029 |
| Statin | 894 (29.0) | 602 (26.3) | 0.062 | 518 (27.8) | 514 (27.5) | 0.005 |
| ACEI/ARBs | 229 (7.4) | 180 (7.9) | 0.016 | 136 (7.3) | 142 (7.6) | 0.012 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 91.95 ± 21.40 | 93.03 ± 21.04 | 0.051 | 92.47 ± 21.45 | 92.28 ± 70.70 | 0.009 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 82.55 ± 19.27 | 81.64 ± 20.63 | 0.045 | 81.82 ± 18.94 | 81.91 ± 20.52 | 0.004 |
| RR (times/min) | 20.16 ± 6.34 | 20.54 ± 6.50 | 0.058 | 20.37 ± 6.50 | 20.43 ± 6.47 | 0.01 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.73 ± 1.03 | 36.66 ± 1.02 | 0.072 | 36.68 ± 1.05 | 36.68 ± 1.03 | 0.006 |
| SpO2 (%) | 98 (95-100) | 98 (95-100) | 0.005 | 99 (95-100) | 98 (95-100) | 0.028 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| WBC (k/uL) | 12.5 (8.8-17.5) | 12.4 (8.7-17.5) | 0.007 | 12.4 (8.7-17.4) | 12.4 (8.7-17.4) | 0.013 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 10.91 ± 2.45 | 10.16 ± 2.09 | 0.333 | 10.32 ± 2.29 | 10.38 ± 2.08 | 0.028 |
| Platelet (k/uL) | 192.59 ± 111.05 | 212.79 ± 119.73 | 0.175 | 199.50 ± 121.63 | 202.08 ± 107.13 | 0.022 |
| PH | 7.34 ± 0.11 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 0.037 | 7.35 ± 0.10 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 0.021 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 22.10 ± 4.87 | 22.11 ± 5.61 | 0.002 | 22.18 ± 4.85 | 22.10 ± 5.56 | 0.016 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 24 (16-39) | 22 (14-35) | 0.137 | 24 (16-37) | 22 (14-36) | 0.087 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.2 (0.9-1.9) | 1 (0.7-1.6) | 0.231 | 1.2 (0.9-1.7) | 1 (0.7-1.7) | 0.032 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.36 ± 0.83 | 4.17 ± 0.78 | 0.24 | 4.23 ± 0.73 | 4.21 ± 0.80 | 0.025 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.65 ± 5.72 | 138.80 ± 6.00 | 0.025 | 138.71 ± 5.91 | 138.83 ± 6.01 | 0.02 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 104.38 ± 7.08 | 104.75 ± 7.32 | 0.05 | 104.59 ± 7.15 | 104.75 ± 7.34 | 0.022 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 159.12 ± 85.96 | 157.36 ± 83.63 | 0.021 | 155.56 ± 82.71 | 157.99 ± 83.72 | 0.029 |
| PT (s) | 17.56 ± 9.96 | 17.59 ± 11.1 | 0.003 | 17.60 ± 9.74 | 17.40 ± 10.60 | 0.02 |
| APTT (s) | 40.07 ± 24.48 | 39.59 ± 24.58 | 0.02 | 40.10 ± 24.83 | 39.69 ± 24.97 | 0.017 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.4-3) | 1.9 (1.3-3) | 0.054 | 1.9 (1.3-2.9) | 1.9 (1.3-3) | <0.001 |
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or numbers (percentages).
ACEI/ARBs, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; AKI, Acute kidney injury; APS III, Acute Physiology Score III; APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time; BMI, Body mass index; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OASIS, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; PT, Prothrombin time; SA-AKI, Sepsis associated acute kidney injury; SMD, Standardized mean difference; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; RR, Respiratory rate; WBC, White blood cell.