TABLE 1.
Protein-based vaccine against COVID-19 in clinical trials.
| Vaccine name | Developer | Route of administration/ Dose |
Clinical stage | Type of subunit and structure | Type of adjuvant | Efficacy | Side effects | References |
| Recombinant spike protein vaccines | ||||||||
|
VAT00002/ VAT00008/ Vidprevtyn |
Sanofi Pasteur (French) and GSK (United Kingdom) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (Ongoing) | Recombinant spike protein [1. monovalent vaccine comprising spike protein D614 variant 2. bivalent vaccine comprising spike protein of D614 and Beta variant (B.1.351)] |
AS03 | NR | NR | Kandimalla et al., 2021 |
| SCB-2019 | CloverBiopharmaceuticals Inc. (China)/GSK)/Dynavax (United States) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (data reported) | Recombinant trimeric spike protein | AS03 (GSK) or CpG/Alum | 67.2% overall efficacy against any severity, 83.7% against moderateto-severe and 100% against severe COVID-19 | Pain at the injection site, headache, fatigue, fever and myalgia | Richmond P. et al., 2021; Bravo et al., 2022 |
| COVAX-19 | Vaxine Pty Ltd. (Australia) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Recombinant spike protein | Advax-SM | NR | NR | Chavda et al., 2021 |
| Nanocovax | Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC. in (Vietnam) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Recombinant spike protein | Al(OH)3 | NR | Pain at the injection site, fatigue, fever, headache, cough, sore throat in some volunteers and one patient exhibited serious sepsis | Hosier et al., 2020; Jacob et al., 2020 |
| Razi Cov Pars | Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (Iran) | IM/2 and IN/1 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Recombinant spike protein | NR | NR | Headache, mild fever and injection site pain | Pilicheva and Boyuklieva, 2021 |
| MVC-COV1901 | Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation (Taiwan)/NIAID/Dynavax (United States) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Recombinant spike protein (S-2P) | CpG 1018 and Al(OH)3 | NR | Pain at the injection site, malaise, fatigue and fever was rarely reported (based on phase 2). | Hsieh et al., 2021 |
| EPIVACCORONA VACCINE (EVCV) | Vektor State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, Koltsovo, (Russia) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Chemically synthesized peptide immunogens of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 conjugated to a carrier protein | Al(OH)3 | 79% | Local pain at the injection site | Ryzhikov A. et al., 2021 |
| SCTV01C | Sinocelltech Ltd. | IM/2 | Phase 2/3 (ongoing) | Recombinant bivalent trimeric S protein | SCT-VA02B | NR | NR | Eroglu et al., 2021 |
| Recombinant RBD vaccines | ||||||||
| ZF2001 | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) | IM/2 or 3 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Tandem-repeat dimeric RBD protein | Al(OH)3 | NR | Injection-site pain, redness, swelling at injection site and low systemic adverse reactions such as fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, Cough and muscle pain (based on phase 2) | Yang et al., 2021 |
| Abdala/CIGB-66 | Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) | IM/3 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Monomeric RBD subunit | Al(OH)3 | 92.28% | Severe adverse events were not reported | Aguilar-Guerra et al., 2021; Hernandez-Bernal et al., 2021; Reardon, 2021 |
| NEGVAC/BioE/ Corbevax/Becov2 |
Biological E. Limited | IM/2 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Recombinant RBD | Al(OH)3 and CpG 1018 | NR | NR | Verma, 2021 |
| FINLAY-FR-2/Soberana 02 | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas (Cuba) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (data reported) | Conjugated vaccine (RBD and TT) | Al(OH)3 | 71%after two doses and 92.4% after booster dose | Injection site events and fever | Toledo-Romani et al., 2021 |
| UB-612 | COVAXX (United States)/United Biomedical Inc. Asia (Taiwan) | IM/2 | Phase 2/3 (ongoing) | Multitope peptide based on S1-RBD-protein | Aluminum phosphate | NR | NR | Hasanzadeh et al., 2021 |
| ReCOV | Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co., Ltd. | IM/2 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Recombinant trimeric two-component spike N-terminal domain (NTD) and RBD | BFA03 | NR | NR | Biorender, 2021b; Clinicaltrials Gov, 2022 |
| Nanoparticle vaccines | ||||||||
| Novavax/NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax (United States) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (data reported) | Full length recombinant S protein-micelle nanoparticle | Matrix M | 89.7% (based on phase 3 in the United Kingdom) and 92.6% (based on phase 3 in the United States and Mexico) | Injection-site tenderness or pain, headache, muscle pain, myalgia, malaise and fatigue (based on phase 3) | Dunkle et al., 2021; Heath et al., 2021 |
| GBP510 | SK Bioscience Co., Ltd. (South Korea) and GSK (United Kingdom) | IM/2 | Phase 3 (ongoing) | Self-assembled two- component nanoparticle vaccine displaying RBD of spike | AS03 | NR | NR | Philippidis, 2021 |
NR, not reported; IM, intramuscular; IN, intranasal; Al(OH)3, aluminum hydroxide; TT, tetanus toxoid.