Table 2.

Proposed/suggested circulating biomarkers for TAAD.

Marker	Animal Models	Human Cohort	TAA	TAAD
ANGPTL8	-	78 patients with AD and 72 controls [170]
Calponin	-	217 patients with AD [163]	+	+
CK-BB	-	10 patients with AAD [162]
CK-MM	-	22 patients with AAD [161]
CRP	-	49 patients with aortic disorders [130]	+	+
	-	114 patients with AAD [139]
	-	118 patients with AAD [140]
CSPCP (aggrecan)	-	33 patients with AAD [168]	+	+
cTnT	-	103 patients with AAD [169]
DD	-	24 patients with AD/TAAD [124]		+
	-	64 patients with AD [125]
	-	220 patients with AAD [126]
Hcy	-	31 patients with AAD [141]		+
	C57BL/6J mice [142]	-
MMP8	-	186 patients suspected AAD [131]
MMP9	-	105 patients with AAA, 79 with TAA, 112 controls [132]	+
MMP12	-	15 patients with AAD, 10 controls [133]
MPV/PLT	-	300 patients with aortic disorders [166]		+
	-	183 patients with AAD [167]
sELAFs	-	62 patients with AAA [135]
	-	25 patients with AAD [136]
smMHC	Mice [158]
	-	27 patients with AD [159]		+
TIMP1	-	93 patients with TAA and 24 controls [70]	+
TIMP2	-	93 patients with TAA and 24 controls [70]	+
TGF-β	-	50 families with LDS [145]		+
	-	28 patients with AAD [152]
	-	40 patients with aortic disorders [153]	+	+
	-	1 patient with LDS [155]	+

AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm; AAD: acute aortic dissection; AD: aortic dissection; ANGPTL8: angiopoietin-like protein 8; CK-BB: isozyme BB of creatine kinase; CK-MM: isozyme MM of creatine kinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; CSPCS: cartilage-specific proteoglycan core protein; cTnT: cardiac troponin T; Hcy: homocysteine; LDS: Loeys–Dietz syndrome; MMP: metalloproteinase; sELAFs: soluble elastin fragments; smMHC: smooth muscle myosin heavy chain; TAA: aortic aneurysm, thoracic; TAAD: thoracic aortic aneurysm and/or dissection.