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. 2022 Jul 25;12(8):682. doi: 10.3390/metabo12080682

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Staphylocytotoxins interfere (great blue arrow) with the cells of the innate (blue box) and adaptive (green box) immune response. Cytoxins (TSS-1, Staphylococcal endotoxin, and alpha toxin) are capable of lysing immune cells, including PMN, monocytes, and macrophages involved in the clearance of S. aureus (red arrow). Cytotoxins can also impair the function of adaptive immune cells (green arrows) represented by T and B lymphocytes. Finally, cytotoxins can impair the interaction between innate and adaptive immune cells (blue arrows). Abbreviation: TSS-1, Toxic Shock Syndrome-1.