TABLE 1.

Inhibitors and activators of Epac.

Name	inhibitor/Activator function		References
ESI-05	Inhibitor (Epac2)	Attenuates neural apoptosis	Zhang et al. (2018); Zhuang et al. (2019)
ESI-07	Inhibitor (Epac2)	Inhibits Epac2 selectively	Tsalkova et al. (2012)
ESI-09	Inhibitor	Anti-tumor	Maeda et al. (2020)
CE3F4	Inhibitor (Epac1)	Prevents atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in mice	Prajapati et al. (2019b)
AM-001	Inhibitor (Epac1)	Protects the I/R injury	Laudette et al. (2019)
8-CPT	Activator	Alleviates inflammation and promotes endothelial cell survival	Wang et al. (2017a); Gunduz et al. (2019); Song et al. (2022)
8-CPT-AM	Activator	Attenuates VEGF signaling and restores insulin secretion	Ramos et al. (2018); Veluthakal et al. (2018)
I942	Activator (Epac1)	Reduces the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) expression in mRNA and protein levels	Wiejak et al. (2019)
SY-009	Activator (Epac1)	Activates Epac1 selectively	Beck et al. (2019)
PW0606	Activator (Epac1)	Blocks the activation of STAT3 to inhibit the IL-6 signaling to VCAM-1 induction	Wang et al. (2020)
Affimer 780A	Activator (Epac1)	Activates Epac1 selectively	Buist et al. (2021)