Table 2.
Main data collected from analysed studies.
| # | Design | Aim | Intervention | Variables | Instruments | Conclusion/Benefits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | E (EG) |
To investigate whether PA school programs (badminton and table tennis) affect health-related physical fitness. | Badminton and table tennis PA school program | Strength, power, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, body mass index (BMI). | Dynamometer. Horizontal jump, shuttle race test, sit and reach test, stadiometer |
Improved muscle strength, power, cardiorespiratory fitness (endurance), flexibility and total health-related fitness score. |
| 2 | E (EG/CG) |
To assess the impact of badminton classes on the health and wellbeing of young adults with intellectual disabilities. | Introductory shuttle time badminton lessons | Resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure, circumference/waist, motor performance, motor skills, depression, self-confidence | Tensiometer (OMRON-BP742N), tape measure, emotiv COPD, 6-min walking test (PM6M), individual assessment of badminton skill, depression scale [56], short scale of self-efficacy [57]. | There was a reduction in resting heart rate, an improvement in 6-min walk test performance and badminton skills. Increased frontal alpha asymmetry, which may have been due to decreased depressive symptoms in the exercise group. |
| 3 | L | To compare indicators of wellbeing and health perceptions between badminton master athletes and the adult population | - | Perception of physical and psychological health | Questionnaire on perceived quality of life, included within the Italian surveillance database “PASSI” of 2014–2017 | Significantly better perceptions were detected in high-level athletes compared with the general Italian population. Badminton improved health, psychological wellbeing and social engagement. |
| 4 | L | To examine associations between severe mental illness, general health symptoms, mental wellbeing and activity levels. | - | Patients’ somatic and mental health | Brief psychiatric assessment scale (BPRS) [58], health questionnaire (PHQ-15) [59], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [60], mental wellbeing scale (C-SWEMWBS) [61], motivation for general activity (GAMM) [62]. | Engagement in badminton and tai chi was considered a predictor of motivation for general activity, one month after the end of the program. |
| 5 | E (2 EG/1CG) |
To determine the effect of different Physical Education courses based on different sports or games on the health of university students. | Badminton training | Cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance, explosive power, body composition, flexibility. | Cooper test, sit-ups, standing jump length, sit and stretch test | Significant improvements in all measured fitness parameters, except for body composition. |
| 6 | L | To explore the lived experiences of older people and the meaning of participation in sports, wellbeing and personality. | - | Wellbeing and personal development. | Semi-structured interviews | Improved personal development, self-expression and mood regulation. Sports participation supports wellbeing and continuous personal development in adulthood. |
| 7 | T | To check the postural differences between students who play sports (boxing, judo, taekwondo and badminton) and those who do not. | - | BMI, posture | Precision weighing instrument, B.A.K (body analysis capture) | Non-athletes had more postural asymmetries than athletes who engaged in sports such as badminton. |
| 8 | E. (EG/CG) |
To examine the effects of a program on fundamental movement skills. | Structured shuttle time program | Motor skills, basic physical qualities. | Thick motor development test-2 (TGM-2) [63], Smart Speed Doors | Improvement in the quality and outcome of motor skills, with these being more significant in children aged 6–7 years. |
| 9 | T | To identify motivations for and perceived benefits of participating in pickleball in older adults. | - | Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations towards PA. Orientations towards success, perceived benefits. |
Sports motivation scale. Task and ego orientation towards sport questionnaire, quality and importance of recreational services, developed by the National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association | Participants were more inclined towards the task than ego, more intrinsically motivated to perform such tasks and felt that engagement increased their desire for competition, general wellbeing and PA. |
| 10 | T | To compare high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between three groups of participants aged 30–70 years and classified according to physical exercise status: No exercise/aerobic/badminton. | - | Demographic, biochemical and lifestyle variables. | Data (demographic, biochemical and lifestyle) obtained from the Taiwan Biobank database. | Badminton engagement was associated with higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Higher HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) led to a lower risk of coronary heart disease. |
| 11 | E (EG) |
To compare the level of aberrations, wavefront structure and its response to cycloplegia in children with different refraction profiles after a badminton program. | Badminton engagement. | Aberrations of the eye wavefront. | Aberrometer OPD-Scan III | Regular badminton engagement produced significant changes in wavefront aberrations, which is indicative of a strengthening of the ligaments of the lens and normalization of the tone of the ciliary muscle. |
| 12 | E (EG) |
To compare the effects of badminton and running on inhibitory function. | Running, playing badminton and resting sitting down. | Aerobic capacity, heart rate, range of perceived exertion, volitional exhaustion, inhibitory function. | Motor treadmill, indirect calorimetry system (MetaMax-3B), Polar heart rate monitor (Model RS800cx), reverse Stroop task | A single session of complex exercise (badminton) produced greater benefits to inhibitory function than one session of simple exercise (running). |
| 13 | E (EG/CG) |
To analyse the benefits of an academic physical education model, based on badminton, on the physical qualities and anthropometric characteristics of students. | Badminton-driven academic Physical Education model. | Physical qualities, anthropometric characteristics. | Push-ups in prone position, standing long jump, seated push-ups, 100 metre sprint test and 2000 metre race, circumference (size) and length measurements | The program improved speed by 10%, flexibility by 12%, endurance by 6% and power by 8%. It was also beneficial for body shaping, increasing the muscle mass of sport-specific limbs. |
| 14 | L | To examine the impact on life expectancy of participation in various sports. | - | PA levels, alcohol consumption, diabetes, blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, self-rated health, social network, vital exhaustion. | PA questionnaire, sphygmomanometer, electrocardiogram, blood tests | Badminton engagement increased life expectancy by 6.2 years when compared with a sedentary group. |
| 15 | L | To investigate the effect of regular exercise on asthma symptoms, quality of life and lung function in children with asthma. | - | Asthma symptoms, forced expiratory volume. Physical, mental and social disorders. |
Asthma measurement form, Quality of life questionnaire in children with asthma (PAQLQ) [64], spirometer | Badminton engagement significantly improved asthma symptoms and increased forced expiratory volume. |
| 16 | E (EG) |
To compare the effect of badminton engagement and running on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and task change performance. | Badminton session | Cardiac frequency, perceived effort, haematocrit level, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cognitive performance, reaction time. | Wireless heart rate monitor (BioHarness Team System), perceived effort scale, venous blood machine, task change paradigm [65]. | Badminton led to higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared with running. Demonstrated benefits of practising open skills (badminton) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and executive function. |
| 17 | E (2EG/1CG) |
To examine the effects of engaging in 8 weeks of recreational badminton in untrained women. | Badminton training | Physiological parameters, vertical jump, Height and body mass, body fat percentage, body density, exercise motivations, physical self-esteem. | Microvettes (CB300), Randox Monza UK analyser, Biosen C-Line Analyzer (EKF Diagnostics), sphygmomanometer (Omron M5), treadmill, Erymetro (Oxycon Pro), force platforms (PS2142), BODPOD scales, anthropometric tape (Lufkin W606 PM), reasons for exercise questionnaire (EMI-2; [66]). Physical self-perception. |
Increased VO2max to exhaustion, vertical jump height, social commitment and motivation towards exercise. Decreased blood pressure and heart rate at rest and during submaximal running. |
| 18 | L | To determine oxygen consumption during an RB match and intensity, measured according to American College of Sports Medicine criteria and categorised as moderate or vigorous. | Badminton matches | Aerobic capacity, lactate concentration, range of perceived exertion, step count, heart rate, energy expenditure | Portable metabolic system, lactate analyser, Borg scale [67], pedometer, Polar watch and chest strap | RB was categorised as being of vigorous intensity, providing a potential means of meeting recommended PA levels and improving aerobic fitness. |
| 19 | E (EG) |
To investigate the effect of simplified badminton exercises on the development of attention and retention level in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder. | Badminton Exercise Program | Level of care, mental retention capacity | Attention test, visual memory test, effect test. | A positive effect was achieved in the level of attention, development of eye contact, prolonged focusing on objects and attention development. |
| 20 | E (EG/CG) |
To investigate the effect of expertise on action inhibition in badminton players and non-athletes. | Cognitive tests | Motor inhibition | Stop sign paradigm [68] | Badminton players were more likely to successfully inhibit their responses during stop trials, with responses being better in those who competed at higher levels. |
| 21 | E (EG) |
To examine the effect of five sports on the physical health of students following fifteen weeks of training. | Special training in five different sports | Vital capacity, resistance, velocity, grip strength, squats, jumps, sit-ups | “China’s National Student Physical Health Standard” (CNSPFS). | Badminton had a beneficial effect on heart and lung function, speed and flexibility. In addition, it led to significant improvements in flexibility in girls. |
| 22 | T | To compare the visual reaction time of badminton players with control individuals of the same age. | - | Visual reaction time | Visual reaction time recorder | Badminton is beneficial in terms of improving hand-eye reaction time, muscle coordination, cognitive functions, alertness and concentration. |
| 23 | E (EG/CG) |
To assess the effects of 20 weeks of aerobic exercise on symptoms of depression, anxiety and self-esteem in non-athlete university students. | Aerobic badminton exercise | Depression, anxiety, self-esteem | Depression inventory [69], inventory of state-trait anxiety [70], self-esteem inventory [71]. | Students who performed badminton exercises significantly decreased levels of depression and anxiety and improved their self-esteem. |
| 24 | L | To examine whether badminton facilitates the “participation” of adolescents in other activities. | School year dedicated to badminton | Level of effective participation | Observation | Participation in badminton classes may be a strategic and determining factor of increasing and maintaining adherence to PE classes. |
| 25 | L | To examine the benefits of PA engagement in members of the same ethnic group. | - | Perceived benefits | Interview | Korean immigrant participants gained various social and cultural benefits. Highlight the psychological benefits perceived by participants. |
| 26 | E (EG/CG) |
to investigate the effects of a combined Tai Chi and badminton training program on the functional physical health of older people. | Combined tai chi and badminton training | Functional physical health, strength, flexibility, agility, balance, aerobic resistance, hand–eye coordination | Activities of daily living scale (OARS-IADL) [72], physical fitness test for seniors, hand grip strength test, AAHPER fitness test | Functional physical health, manipulative skills and self-perceived functional health were improved. In addition, the program can serve as a tool to slow down inevitable biological degradation as individuals aged. |
| 27 | L | To investigate the influence of different types of PA using weights on bone mineral density and evaluate final residual benefits. | - | Bone mineral density, fatty acid profile, vitamin D, markers of bone metabolism. | Lunar DPX-L dual energy X-ray absorber, liquid chromatograph HP1100 | Data indicated higher bone mineral density in the neck of the femur, humerus, lumbar spine and legs of badminton players relative to hockey players. |
Note 1. Experimental design (E); Longitudinal (L); Transversal (T); Experimental group (EG); Control group (CG).