Table 2.
Odds ratios of no-catch up growth at 3 years among infants born small for gestational age † at term according to percentile ranges of maternal serum total cholesterol value at mid-pregnancy†† (n = 2,222).
| Percentile range and values of maternal serum total cholesterol†† (mg/dL) | p for trend††† | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5th | 5th–9th | 10th–14th | 15th–19th | 20th–79th | 80th–84th | 85th–89th | 90th–94th | ≥95th | ||
| (<180) | (180–189) | (190–197) | (198–203) | (204–260) | (261–267) | (268–277) | (278–293) | (≥294) | ||
| All participants | (n = 171) | (n = 144) | (n = 146) | (n = 140) | (n = 1,251) | (n = 96) | (n = 93) | (n = 121) | (n = 60) | |
| Number of no-catch up growth at 3 years (%) | 25 (14.6) |
27 (18.8) |
17 (11.6) |
23 (16.4) |
191 (15.3) |
19 (19.8) |
19 (20.4) |
23 (19.0) |
19 (31.7) |
|
| Crude OR of SGA (95% CI) |
0.95 (0.51–1.76) |
1.25 (0.72–2.16) |
0.72 (0.36–1.47) |
1.06 (0.54–2.08) |
Reference | 1.32 (0.68–2.56) |
1.40 (0.77–2.53) |
1.29 (0.68–2.46) |
2.54 (1.22–5.33) |
0.08 |
| Model 1 | 0.91 (0.49–1.70) |
1.20 (0.69–2.08) |
0.71 (0.35–1.44) |
1.02 (0.51–2.02) |
1.34 (0.69–2.60) |
1.42 (0.78–2.57) |
1.33 (0.69–2.54) |
2.69 (1.27–5.73) |
<0.05 | |
| Model 2 | 0.91 (0.48–1.73) |
1.19 (0.68–2.07) |
0.71 (0.34–1.45) |
1.01 (0.51–2.03) |
1.34 (0.69–2.60) |
1.44 (0.78–2.65) |
1.35 (0.70–2.63) |
2.86 (1.32–6.23) |
<0.05 | |
| Model 3 | 0.92 (0.49–1.74) |
1.18 (0.68–2.06) |
0.69 (0.33–1.45) |
0.99 (0.49–2.00) |
1.33 (0.68–2.06) |
1.48 (0.80–2.75) |
1.37 (0.70–2.65) |
2.88 (1.32–6.31) |
<0.05 | |
| Model 4 | 0.80 (0.41–1.57) |
1.26 (0.70–2.26) |
0.68 (0.32–1.47) |
1.02 (0.48–2.14) |
1.08 (0.53–2.20) |
1.26 (0.65–2.42) |
1.11 (0.54–2.27) |
2.95 (1.28–6.80) |
0.08 | |
†Small for gestational age defined by length and/or weight at birth <-2 standard deviation.
††Maternal serum total cholesterol values were adjusted for gestational age (day) at blood sampling by residual methods.
†††p for trend estimated for the maternal serum total cholesterol percentile range as the following continuous variables: <5th (-4), 5th–9th (-3), 10th–14th (-2), 15th–19th (-1), 20th–79th (0), 80th–84th (1), 85th–89th (2), 90th–94th (3), ≥95th (4).
Model 1: adjustment for Z-score of birth weight and maternal age at delivery (year).
Model 2: adjustment for variables in model 1 + maternal weight gain during pregnancy (kg), smoking status during pregnancy (Never; Previously did, but quit before recognizing current pregnancy; Previously did, but quit after finding out current pregnancy; and Yes, I still smoke), and study areas (Hokkaido, Miyagi, Fukushima, Chiba, Kanagawa, Koshin, Toyama, Aichi, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Tottori, Kochi, Fukuoka, and South Kyushu/Okinawa).
Model 3: adjustment for variables in model 2 + breastfeeding status at 2 years (currently continued breast feeding, stopped breast feeding before, never breastfeeding) and frequency of meal or snack per day at 2 years (<3 times, ≥3 times).
Model 4: adjustment for variables in model 3 + maternal and paternal height (cm).