Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with NAFLD according to incident ALF.
| Variables. | Did Not Develop ALF | Newly Developed ALF | Total | p * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants, n | 1108 | 260 | 1368 | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 460 (41.5%) | 126 (48.5%) | 586 (42.8%) | 0.049 |
| Age, years | 52.3 ± 8.0 | 59.3 ± 7.7 | 53.6 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 88.9 ± 7.3 | 90.2 ± 7.8 | 89.1 ± 7.4 | 0.012 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 2.8 | 26.5 ± 3.2 | 26.7 ± 2.9 | 0.192 |
| MBP, mmHg | 102.5 ± 12.3 | 104.5 ± 11.5 | 102.9 ± 12.2 | 0.017 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 430 (39.2%) | 102 (40.0%) | 532 (39.3%) | 0.869 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Never smoker | 719 (65.8%) | 146 (57.3%) | 865 (64.2%) | |
| Former smoker | 155 (14.2%) | 55 (21.6%) | 210 (15.6%) | |
| Some days smoker | 19 (1.7%) | 10 (3.9%) | 29 (2.2%) | |
| Everyday smoker | 200 (18.3%) | 44 (17.3%) | 244 (18.1%) | |
| Physical activity | 0.031 | |||
| <7.5 METs-h/week | 719 (65.8%) | 146 (57.3%) | 865 (64.2%) | |
| 7.5–30 METs-h/week | 155 (14.2%) | 55 (21.6%) | 210 (15.6%) | |
| ≥30 METs-h/week | 19 (1.7%) | 10 (3.9%) | 29 (2.2%) | |
| Platelets,/mm3 | 287.3 ± 60.5 | 232.1 ± 52.2 | 276.8 ± 62.8 | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 94.9 ± 29.1 | 93.9 ± 28.0 | 94.8 ± 28.9 | 0.617 |
| Insulin, µIU/mL | 10.2 (7.8; 12.5) | 10.4 (8.2; 13.3) | 10.2 (7.8; 12.6) | 0.147 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 201.3 ± 34.0 | 192.4 ± 36.0 | 199.6 ± 34.6 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 192.0 (146.5; 260.5) | 178.0 (138.0; 225.5) | 188.0 (145.0; 253.5) | 0.005 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 39.7 ± 7.9 | 40.8 ± 9.2 | 39.9 ± 8.2 | 0.071 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 120.3 ± 31.2 | 113.8 ± 32.1 | 119.1 ± 31.5 | 0.004 |
| AST, U/L | 31.1 ± 14.5 | 37.8 ± 17.6 | 32.4 ± 15.4 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 37.2 ± 27.1 | 40.6 ± 23.8 | 37.8 ± 26.6 | 0.047 |
| Gamma-GTP, U/L | 26.0 (16.0; 44.0) | 30.5 (18.0; 62.0) | 27.0 (16.0; 47.5) | 0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.4; 0.7) | 0.5 (0.4; 0.7) | 0.5 (0.4; 0.7) | 0.195 |
| Albumin, g/L | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.18 (0.10; 0.29) | 0.19 (0.10; 0.31) | 0.18 (0.10; 0.29) | 0.429 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1997.1 ± 713.3 | 1949.0 ± 737.0 | 1988.0 ± 717.8 | 0.340 |
| CHO intake, g/day | 358.3 ± 129.5 | 354.2 ± 133.8 | 357.5 ± 130.3 | 0.653 |
| Protein intake, g/day | 66.3 ± 27.0 | 63.2 ± 27.4 | 65.7 ± 27.1 | 0.109 |
| Fat intake, g/day | 31.1 ± 19.0 | 28.8 ± 19.3 | 30.7 ± 19.1 | 0.096 |
| Vitamin E intake, mg/day | 9.7 ± 5.8 | 9.1 ± 5.0 | 6 ± 5.7 | 0.112 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 310 (28.0%) | 79 (30.4%) | 389 (28.4%) | 0.485 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 662 (59.7%) | 178 (68.5%) | 840 (61.4%) | 0.012 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 825 (74.5%) | 181 (69.6%) | 1006 (73.5%) | 0.130 |
| Fibrosis-4 score | 1.00 ± 0.34 | 1.60 ± 0.49 | 1.11 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
| METS-IR | 43.76 ± 5.78 | 42.65 ± 5.82 | 43.55 ± 5.80 | 0.005 |
| TyG index | 9.11 ± 0.53 | 9.01 ± 0.48 | 9.09 ± 0.52 | 0.006 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.62 ± 2.26 | 2.78 ± 2.21 | 2.65 ± 2.25 | 0.284 |
* p-value was calculated to compare the baseline characteristics between patients with NAFLD with developed ALF and those who did not develop ALF. Abbreviations: ALF, advanced liver fibrosis; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; CHO, carbohydrate; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; METS-IR, metabolic score for insulin resistance; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TyG, triglyceride-glucose.