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The possible mechanisms of action of probiotics in GDM. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; GPR 41/43, G-protein-linked receptor 41/43; CB1, cannabinoid receptor 1; ZO-1, zona occludens 1; GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1; PYY, peptide YY; Treg cells, regulatory T cells; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; and TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.
