Table 2.
Mean change scores and relative effect sizes for pain-relevant outcomes, perceived improvement, and satisfaction with treatment.
| Outcomes | Waitlist (n=10) | TAUa (n=6) | VRb (n=10) | VR versus waitlist, effect size (95% CI) | VR versus TAU, effect size (95% CI) | |||
|
|
Participants, n (%)c | Values, mean (SD) | Participants, n (%)c | Values, mean (SD) | Participants, n (%)c | Values, mean (SD) |
|
|
| ΔBPId intensity | 10 (100) | –0.30 (1.57) | 6 (100) | –0.17 (2.32) | 9 (90) | –1.00 (0.87) | –0.52 (–1.39 to 0.67) | –0.49 (–1.47 to 0.51) |
| ΔBPI interference | 10 (100) | –1.10 (2.13) | 6 (100) | –1.00 (1.39) | 9 (90) | –2.06 (1.46) | –0.50 (–1.37 to 0.39) | –0.70 (–1.70 to 0.32) |
| ΔTSK-13e | 10 (100) | –2.90 (5.17) | 6 (100) | –4.00 (4.56) | 9 (90) | –1.56 (5.57) | 0.24 (–0.63 to 1.10) | 0.44 (–0.55 to 1.42) |
| Change in daily steps | 7 (70) | 212 (2394) | 6 (100) | 1127 (2784) | 8 (80) | 852 (2934) | 0.22 (–0.74 to 1.18) | –0.09 (–1.08 to 0.90) |
| Change in daily activity (minutes) | 7 (70) | 2.15 (59.03) | 6 (100) | –21.05 (91.49) | 8 (80) | 19.45 (64.50) | 0.26 (–0.70 to 1.22) | 0.49 (–0.52 to 1.49) |
| Satisfaction (score: range 1-7) | 9 (90) | 4.78 (1.20) | 6 (100) | 5.83 (0.98) | 9 (90) | 6.11 (0.93) | 1.18 (0.20 to 2.14) | 0.28 (–0.71 to 1.25) |
| Improvement (score: range 1-7) | 9 (90) | 4.78 (0.83) | 6 (100) | 5.67 (1.03) | 9 (90) | 5.89 (0.78) | 1.31 (0.31 to 2.28) | 0.24 (–0.75 to 1.21) |
aTAU: treatment as usual.
bVR: virtual reality.
cNumber of valid participants with complete data.
dBPI: Brief Pain Inventory.
eTSK-13: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-13.