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. 2022 Jul 28;13:376. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-03053-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — All-trans retinoic acid modulates pigmentation of hiPSC-derived multiocular organoids. A Representative images of multiocular organoids cultured in suspension in low or high all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) concentrations at day 90. Scale bars: 3 mm. B Quantification of the number of pigmented ocular organoids at several days in vitro (DIV) is shown as mean ± SD (starting with n = 420 organoids (high ATRA) and n = 512 organoids (low ATRA) divided in 6 replicates). Asterisks represent statistical significance from a Student’s t test (***p < 0.0001). C Quantitative PCR analysis of ATRA signaling pathway components in multiocular organoids. Values are normalized to GAPDH and expressed as 2^−ddCt (log2 scale). Data presented as mean ± SD (n = 6–10 organoids, three replicates). Values indicated by stars are significantly different from those in low ATRA (two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001)