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. 2022 Jul 25;14(15):3049. doi: 10.3390/nu14153049

Table 2.

The influence of various food additives on the intestinal metabolites.

Food Additives Study Sample Metabolite Alterations
Increase Decrease
Artificial sweeteners Aspartame Gerasimidis et al., 2021 [17] F Total SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, caprylic acid Valeric acid, caproic acid; BCFAs (such as isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid)
Palmnäs et al., 2014 [18] S Propionate, acetate and butyrate -
Jodi et al., 2020 [19] CC Propionate, butyrate and isobutyrate -
Sucralose Uebanso et al., 2017 [22] CC The CA/CDCA ratio -
V amanu et al., 2019 [65] F Ammonium, formic acid, phenyllactic acid, HO-phenyllactic acid; butyric acid Benzoic acid
Saccharin V amanu et al., 2019 [65] F Ammonium, formic acid, phenyllactic acid, HO-phenyllactic acid; acetic and butyric acid Benzoic acid, propionic acid
Suez et al., 2014 [66] F Propionate and acetate -
Bian et al., 2017 [67] F Daidzein, dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin; quinolinic acid Equol, linoleoyl, ethanolamide, N, N-Dimethylsphingosine
Neotame Liang et al., 2018 [68] F Cholesterol, campesterol and stigmastanol Malic acid, mannose-6-phosphate, 5-aminovaleric acid and glyceric acid; 1, 3-dipalmitate, 1-monopalmitin, linoleic acid and stearic acid
Cyclamate V amanu et al., 2019 [65] F Formic aid, phenyllactic acid, HO-phenyllactic acid; acetic acid Benzoic acid, propionic acid
Splenda Karley et al., 2019 [69] F Butyric and pentanoic acid -
Sugar alcohols Isomalt Gostner et al., 2016 [70] F No influence on SCFAs, lactate, bile acids and neutral sterols.
Lactitol Chu et al., 2019 [71] F No influence on SCFAs.
Ballongue et al., 2016 [72] F Acetic acid, lactic acids Propionic, butyric and valeric acids
Finney et al., 2007 [73] F Propionic and butyric acids Acetic acid, lactic acids
Peuranen et al., 2004 [74] F Butyrate -
Pinna et al., 2014 [75] IC Putrescine The acetic acid to propionic acid ratio
Coating and thickening agents MDX Gerasimidis et al., 2020 [17] F Total SCFAs, propionic acid; caprylic acid Valeric acid, caproic acid; isobutyric and isovaleric acid
Thymann et al., 2009 [33] IC Formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid Lactic acid, succinic acid
Kong et al., 2020 [76] F Total SCFAs, acetate, butyrate and valerate -
Emulsifiers P80 Chassaing et al., 2015 [11] F Flagellin -
CMC Chassaing et al., 2017 [39] F Butyrate; LCA, HDCA/UDCA, αMCA, GLCA, TCDCA, TDCA, THDCA/TUDCA, TCA -
Chassaing et al., 2015 [11] F Butyrate, heptanoate; αMCA -
Gerasimidis et al., 2020 [17] F - Isovaleric acid
Carrageenan Gerasimidis et al., 2020 [17] F No influence on SCFAs or BCFAs.
Munyaka et al., 2016 [45] CC - Butyric and acetic acid
Food colorants TiO2 Cao et al., 2020 [52] CC - Butyric and propionic acid; acetic and isovaleric acids in obese mice
Chen et al., 2019 [56] F N-acetylhistamine, caprolactam and glycerophosphocholine 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol, L-histidine and L-ornithine
Pinget et al., 2019 [57] S - SCFAs
Waller et al., 2017 [77] CC - pH level
Agans et al., 2019 [78] F No influence on SCFAs.
Dudefoi et al., 2017 [79] F No influence on overall fatty acid compositions.
Gerasimidis et al., 2021 [17] M No influence on SCFAs or BCFAs.
Azo dyes Polic et al., 2018 [80] M - Acetate, butyrate and propionate
Chen et al., 2009 [81] M Metabolites of Sudan III and IV, aniline and o-toluidine (2-methylaniline) were carcinogenic aromatic amines
Pan el al, 2012 [82] M 1-Amino-2-naphthol, a common metabolite of the dyes, was capable of inhibiting growth of most of the tested bacteria
Preservatives Benzoic acid Torrallardona et al., 2007 [83] U Hippuric acid -
Kluge et al., 2005 [84] IC - Acetic acid
Diao et al., 2013 [85] CC Propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid NH3–N
Diao et al., 2014 [86] CC Butyric acid -
Ag NPs Cueva et al., 2019 [87] F Ammonium -
Antioxidant Rosemary extract Romo-Vaquero et al., 2014 [88] F SCFAs (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) in obese mice SCFAs in lean mice

Abbreviations: MDX—maltodextrin; CMC—carboxymethylcellulose; P80—polysorbate 80; TiO2—titanium dioxide nanoparticles; Ag NPs—Ag nanoparticles; F—feces; S—serum; CC—the colon content; IC—the intestinal content; U— urine; M—culture medium in vitro study; SCFAs—short-chain fatty acids; BCFAs—branched-chain fatty acids; CD—cholic acid; CDCA—chenodeoxycholic acid; LCA—lithocholic acid; HDCA—hyodeoxycholic acid; UDCA—ursodeoxycholic acid; αMCA—α-muricholic acid; GLCA—glycolithocholate; TCDCA—taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TDCA—taurodeoxycholic acid; THDCA—taurohyodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA—tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TCA—taurocholic acid.