Table 2.
Food Additives | Study | Sample | Metabolite Alterations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase | Decrease | ||||
Artificial sweeteners | Aspartame | Gerasimidis et al., 2021 [17] | F | Total SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, caprylic acid | Valeric acid, caproic acid; BCFAs (such as isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid) |
Palmnäs et al., 2014 [18] | S | Propionate, acetate and butyrate | - | ||
Jodi et al., 2020 [19] | CC | Propionate, butyrate and isobutyrate | - | ||
Sucralose | Uebanso et al., 2017 [22] | CC | The CA/CDCA ratio | - | |
V amanu et al., 2019 [65] | F | Ammonium, formic acid, phenyllactic acid, HO-phenyllactic acid; butyric acid | Benzoic acid | ||
Saccharin | V amanu et al., 2019 [65] | F | Ammonium, formic acid, phenyllactic acid, HO-phenyllactic acid; acetic and butyric acid | Benzoic acid, propionic acid | |
Suez et al., 2014 [66] | F | Propionate and acetate | - | ||
Bian et al., 2017 [67] | F | Daidzein, dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin; quinolinic acid | Equol, linoleoyl, ethanolamide, N, N-Dimethylsphingosine | ||
Neotame | Liang et al., 2018 [68] | F | Cholesterol, campesterol and stigmastanol | Malic acid, mannose-6-phosphate, 5-aminovaleric acid and glyceric acid; 1, 3-dipalmitate, 1-monopalmitin, linoleic acid and stearic acid | |
Cyclamate | V amanu et al., 2019 [65] | F | Formic aid, phenyllactic acid, HO-phenyllactic acid; acetic acid | Benzoic acid, propionic acid | |
Splenda | Karley et al., 2019 [69] | F | Butyric and pentanoic acid | - | |
Sugar alcohols | Isomalt | Gostner et al., 2016 [70] | F | No influence on SCFAs, lactate, bile acids and neutral sterols. | |
Lactitol | Chu et al., 2019 [71] | F | No influence on SCFAs. | ||
Ballongue et al., 2016 [72] | F | Acetic acid, lactic acids | Propionic, butyric and valeric acids | ||
Finney et al., 2007 [73] | F | Propionic and butyric acids | Acetic acid, lactic acids | ||
Peuranen et al., 2004 [74] | F | Butyrate | - | ||
Pinna et al., 2014 [75] | IC | Putrescine | The acetic acid to propionic acid ratio | ||
Coating and thickening agents | MDX | Gerasimidis et al., 2020 [17] | F | Total SCFAs, propionic acid; caprylic acid | Valeric acid, caproic acid; isobutyric and isovaleric acid |
Thymann et al., 2009 [33] | IC | Formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid | Lactic acid, succinic acid | ||
Kong et al., 2020 [76] | F | Total SCFAs, acetate, butyrate and valerate | - | ||
Emulsifiers | P80 | Chassaing et al., 2015 [11] | F | Flagellin | - |
CMC | Chassaing et al., 2017 [39] | F | Butyrate; LCA, HDCA/UDCA, αMCA, GLCA, TCDCA, TDCA, THDCA/TUDCA, TCA | - | |
Chassaing et al., 2015 [11] | F | Butyrate, heptanoate; αMCA | - | ||
Gerasimidis et al., 2020 [17] | F | - | Isovaleric acid | ||
Carrageenan | Gerasimidis et al., 2020 [17] | F | No influence on SCFAs or BCFAs. | ||
Munyaka et al., 2016 [45] | CC | - | Butyric and acetic acid | ||
Food colorants | TiO2 | Cao et al., 2020 [52] | CC | - | Butyric and propionic acid; acetic and isovaleric acids in obese mice |
Chen et al., 2019 [56] | F | N-acetylhistamine, caprolactam and glycerophosphocholine | 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol, L-histidine and L-ornithine | ||
Pinget et al., 2019 [57] | S | - | SCFAs | ||
Waller et al., 2017 [77] | CC | - | pH level | ||
Agans et al., 2019 [78] | F | No influence on SCFAs. | |||
Dudefoi et al., 2017 [79] | F | No influence on overall fatty acid compositions. | |||
Gerasimidis et al., 2021 [17] | M | No influence on SCFAs or BCFAs. | |||
Azo dyes | Polic et al., 2018 [80] | M | - | Acetate, butyrate and propionate | |
Chen et al., 2009 [81] | M | Metabolites of Sudan III and IV, aniline and o-toluidine (2-methylaniline) were carcinogenic aromatic amines | |||
Pan el al, 2012 [82] | M | 1-Amino-2-naphthol, a common metabolite of the dyes, was capable of inhibiting growth of most of the tested bacteria | |||
Preservatives | Benzoic acid | Torrallardona et al., 2007 [83] | U | Hippuric acid | - |
Kluge et al., 2005 [84] | IC | - | Acetic acid | ||
Diao et al., 2013 [85] | CC | Propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid | NH3–N | ||
Diao et al., 2014 [86] | CC | Butyric acid | - | ||
Ag NPs | Cueva et al., 2019 [87] | F | Ammonium | - | |
Antioxidant | Rosemary extract | Romo-Vaquero et al., 2014 [88] | F | SCFAs (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) in obese mice | SCFAs in lean mice |
Abbreviations: MDX—maltodextrin; CMC—carboxymethylcellulose; P80—polysorbate 80; TiO2—titanium dioxide nanoparticles; Ag NPs—Ag nanoparticles; F—feces; S—serum; CC—the colon content; IC—the intestinal content; U— urine; M—culture medium in vitro study; SCFAs—short-chain fatty acids; BCFAs—branched-chain fatty acids; CD—cholic acid; CDCA—chenodeoxycholic acid; LCA—lithocholic acid; HDCA—hyodeoxycholic acid; UDCA—ursodeoxycholic acid; αMCA—α-muricholic acid; GLCA—glycolithocholate; TCDCA—taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TDCA—taurodeoxycholic acid; THDCA—taurohyodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA—tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TCA—taurocholic acid.