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. 2022 Jul 25;19(15):9054. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159054

Table 4.

Quality appraisal of the included systematic reviews using the AMSTAR-2 tool.

Research Question Included PICO * Review Methods Established Prior to Review Explanation of Study Design Selection * Comprehensive Literature Search Strategy Study Selection Performed in Duplicate Data Extraction Performed in Duplicate * List of Excluded Studies with Justification Describe Studies in Adequate Detail * Satisfactory Technique for Assessing RoB Report Sources of Funding * Use Appropriate Methods for Statistical Combination of Results (for Meta-Analysis) Assess Potential Impact of RoB in Individual Studies on the Results (for Meta-Analysis) * Account for RoB in Individual Studies when Interpreting Results Explanation for and Discussion of Heterogeneity in Results * Investigate publication Bias and Discuss Impact (for Quantitative Synthesis) Reported any Conflict of Interest
RCT NRSI
Kennedy et al., 2019 [15] NA NA NA NA
NASEM, 2018 [16] NA NA NA
Gualano et al., 2014 [17] NA NA NA
Bozier et al., 2020 [18] NA NA NA
Garcia et al., 2020 [30] NA NA NA
Glasser et al., 2017 [28] NA NA NA
Harrell et al., 2014 [19] NA NA NA
Ioakeimidis et al., 2016 [20] NA NA NA
Pissinger & Dossing 2014 [21] NA NA NA NA
Skotsimara et al., 2019 § [22] NA
Wills et al., 2021 § [23] NA
Goniewicz et al., 2020 [24] NA NA NA NA
Xian & Chen, 2021 § [25] NA
Martinez-Morata et al., 2021 [26] NA NA NA
Larue et al., 2021 § [29] NA
Chand & Hosseinzadeh, 2021 § [31] NA
Bravo-Gutierrez et al., 2021 [27] NA NA NA

* Critical domains. § Meta-analysis. Green = yes; red = no; and orange = partial yes. PICO = Population or participants, and conditions of interest; Interventions or exposures; Comparisons or control groups; Outcomes of interest; RCT = randomized controlled trials; NRSI = non-randomized studies of interventions; RoB = risk of bias; and NA = Not applicable.