Table 2.
A comparison of collected parameters of shift and non-shift workers.
| Shift Workers (n = 150) |
Non-Shift Workers (n = 203) |
p-Value (p < 0.05 *) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory tests | |||
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 13.45 ± 0.46 | 14.58 ± 0.59 | - |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.31 ± 0.03 | 9.38 ± 0.02 | * |
| Actigraphy-based sleep parameters a | |||
| SL, min | 5.83 ± 0.31 | 5.53 ± 0.30 | - |
| TST, min | 406.87 ± 3.61 | 385.73 ± 3.37 | *** |
| WASO, min | 70.94 ± 2.01 | 58.51 ± 1.59 | *** |
| SE, % | 84.08 ± 0.39 | 85.84 ± 0.33 | *** |
| TIB, min | 484.10 ± 7.56 | 441.17 ± 5.11 | - |
| Actigraphy-based activity parameters b | |||
| Phase | 14.72 ± 0.49 | 12.08 ± 0.42 | *** |
| Fit | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | *** |
| Amplitude | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | *** |
| SD | 612.07 ± 24.56 | 759.03 ± 32.77 | - |
| Mean | 1054.62 ± 55.53 | 1042.83 ± 52.67 | - |
| Intercept | 714.62 ± 53.53 | 744.96 ± 33.23 | - |
| Clinical parameters c | |||
| MEQ | 42.58 ± 0.61 | 47.78 ± 0.59 | *** |
| ESS | 9.19 ± 0.27 | 7.80 ± 0.22 | *** |
| HADS | 12.65 ± 0.49 | 11.42 ± 0.38 | * |
| PSQI | 7.91 ± 0.26 | 6.37 ± 0.20 | *** |
| FSS | 45.23 ± 1.18 | 36.05 ± 1.03 | *** |
| CD-RISC | 62.28 ± 1.06 | 63.06 ± 1.07 | - |
Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 denotes statistical significance by two-sample t-test. a Parameters for sleep based on actigraphy. b Parameters for rest–activity rhythm based on actigraphy. The italics indicate the category titles. c Clinical parameters were collected through self-report questionnaires. Abbreviations: SL, sleep latency (min); TST, total sleep time (min); WASO, wake after sleep onset (min); SE, sleep efficiency (TST/TIP * 100%); TIB, time in bed (min). Phase, the time of day of the peak of the curve; Fit, the value of the correlation with the fitted curve; Amplitude, the height of the rhythm; SD, standard deviation; Mean, the mean of the rhythm (=MESOR); Intercept, the activity intensity when the time is 0. MEQ, morningness-eveningness questionnaire; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; FSS, fatigue severity scale; CD-RISC, Connor–Davidson resilience scale.