Table 1. Sample Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 686 [100%]) | Control (n = 343 [50%]) | SIP hotel guest (n = 343 [50%]) | ||
| Age range, y | ||||
| 18-24 | 6 (0.9) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (0.9) | .97 |
| 25-30 | 31 (4.5) | 15 (4.4) | 16 (4.7) | |
| 31-40 | 107 (15.6) | 57 (16.6) | 50 (14.6) | |
| 41-50 | 131 (19.1) | 65 (19.0) | 66 (19.2) | |
| 51-60 | 231 (33.7) | 117 (34.1) | 114 (33.2) | |
| ≥60 | 180 (26.2) | 86 (25.1) | 94 (27.4) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 176 (25.7) | 94 (27.4) | 82 (23.9) | .40 |
| Men | 485 (70.7) | 240 (70.0) | 245 (71.4) | |
| Transgender | 5 (0.7) | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.9) | |
| Not stated | 20 (2.9) | 7 (2.0) | 13 (3.8) | |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| African American or Black | 283 (41.3) | 144 (42.0) | 139 (40.5) | .97 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 23 (3.4) | 12 (3.5) | 11 (3.2) | |
| Declined or not stated | 67 (9.8) | 33 (9.6) | 34 (9.9) | |
| Latino or Latina | 61 (8.9) | 30 (8.7) | 31 (9.0) | |
| Multiracial or otherb | 16 (2.3) | 9 (2.6) | 7 (2.0) | |
| American Indian | 9 (1.3) | 3 (0.9) | 6 (1.7) | |
| White | 227 (33.1) | 112 (32.7) | 115 (33.5) | |
| Years homeless | ||||
| Never homeless | 15 (2.2) | 8 (2.3) | 7 (2.0) | >.99 |
| <1 | 94 (13.7) | 48 (14.0) | 46 (13.4) | |
| 1-4 | 117 (17.1) | 57 (16.6) | 60 (17.5) | |
| 5-9 | 123 (17.9) | 61 (17.8) | 62 (18.1) | |
| ≥10 | 337 (49.1) | 169 (49.3) | 168 (49.0) | |
| Urgent or emergent services, No. | ||||
| <10 | 394 (57.4) | 201 (58.6) | 193 (56.3) | .81 |
| 11-20 | 189 (27.6) | 91 (26.5) | 98 (28.6) | |
| ≥21 | 103 (15.0) | 51 (14.9) | 52 (15.2) | |
| HUMS score, median (IQR) | 9 (6-15) | 9 (6-15) | 9 (6-16) | .71 |
| In HUMS top 5% | ||||
| No | 265 (38.6) | 131 (38.2) | 134 (39.1) | .81 |
| Yes | 421 (61.4) | 212 (61.8) | 209 (60.9) | |
| In HUMS top 1% | ||||
| No | 555 (80.9) | 278 (81.0) | 277 (80.8) | .92 |
| Yes | 131 (19.1) | 65 (19.0) | 66 (19.2) | |
| Receives Social Security Income or Social Security Disability Income | ||||
| No | 375 (54.7) | 182 (53.1) | 193 (56.3) | .40 |
| Yes | 311 (45.3) | 161 (46.9) | 150 (43.7) | |
| Emergency department visits, No. | ||||
| 3-9 | 518 (75.5) | 257 (74.9) | 261 (76.1) | .96 |
| 10-19 | 104 (15.2) | 52 (15.2) | 52 (15.2) | |
| 20-39 | 45 (6.6) | 24 (7.0) | 21 (6.1) | |
| ≥40 | 19 (2.8) | 10 (2.9) | 9 (2.6) | |
| Psychiatric emergency visits, No. | ||||
| 0 | 526 (76.7) | 263 (76.7) | 263 (76.7) | >.99 |
| 1 | 53 (7.7) | 26 (7.6) | 27 (7.9) | |
| 2 | 60 (8.7) | 30 (8.7) | 30 (8.7) | |
| 3-9 | 33 (4.8) | 17 (5.0) | 16 (4.7) | |
| 10-19 | 11 (1.6) | 6 (1.7) | 5 (1.5) | |
| ≥20 | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | |
| Inpatient stays, No. | ||||
| 0 | 318 (46.4) | 164 (47.8) | 154 (44.9) | .74 |
| 1 | 151 (22.0) | 73 (21.3) | 78 (22.7) | |
| ≥2 | 217 (31.6) | 106 (30.9) | 111 (32.4) | |
| Urgent care visits, No. | ||||
| 0 | 338 (49.3) | 176 (51.3) | 162 (47.2) | .15 |
| 1 | 156 (22.7) | 66 (19.2) | 90 (26.2) | |
| 2-9 | 178 (25.9) | 95 (27.7) | 83 (24.2) | |
| ≥10 | 14 (2.0) | 6 (1.7) | 8 (2.3) | |
| Outpatient medical visits, No. | ||||
| 0 | 293 (42.7) | 146 (42.6) | 147 (42.9) | .64 |
| 1 | 85 (12.4) | 45 (13.1) | 40 (11.7) | |
| 2-4 | 114 (16.6) | 54 (15.7) | 60 (17.5) | |
| 5-15 | 142 (20.7) | 76 (22.2) | 66 (19.2) | |
| ≥16 | 52 (7.6) | 22 (6.4) | 30 (8.7) | |
| Outpatient mental health visits, No. | ||||
| 0 | 505 (73.6) | 237 (69.1) | 268 (78.1) | .09 |
| 1 | 17 (2.5) | 9 (2.6) | 8 (2.3) | |
| 2 | 15 (2.2) | 7 (2.0) | 8 (2.3) | |
| 3-9 | 39 (5.7) | 20 (5.8) | 19 (5.5) | |
| 10-19 | 38 (5.5) | 23 (6.7) | 15 (4.4) | |
| 20-39 | 27 (3.9) | 19 (5.5) | 8 (2.3) | |
| ≥40 | 45 (6.6) | 28 (8.2) | 17 (5.0) | |
| Methadone maintenance and/or buprenorphine treatment visits, No. | ||||
| 0 | 579 (84.4) | 290 (84.5) | 289 (84.3) | .82 |
| 1 | 10 (1.5) | 4 (1.2) | 6 (1.7) | |
| 16-75 | 20 (2.9) | 8 (2.3) | 12 (3.5) | |
| 76-200 | 40 (5.8) | 21 (6.1) | 19 (5.5) | |
| ≥200 | 37 (5.4) | 20 (5.8) | 17 (5.0) | |
| Outpatient substance use treatment visits, No. | ||||
| 0 | 654 (95.3) | 326 (95.0) | 328 (95.6) | .91 |
| 1-15 | 22 (3.2) | 12 (3.5) | 10 (2.9) | |
| ≥16 | 10 (1.5) | 5 (1.5) | 5 (1.5) | |
Abbreviations: HUMS, high utilizers of multiple systems; SIP, shelter-in-place.
a
P values were calculated using χ2 tests for categorical measures and the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous measures.
b
Other was included as a category in the extracted record, with no other races or ethnicities specified.