Figure 1. Associations of Black Race and Female Sex With LVAD Use.

The marginal effect size with 95% CIs of (A) race and (B) sex on the use of LVAD conditional on clinical risk, age, distance to hospital, individual socioeconomic status, and neighborhood effects. Compared with White patients, Black beneficiaries at a lower propensity were less likely to receive an LVAD when hospitalized for systolic heart failure. LVAD use in women was less than men across the spectrum of LVAD propensity. LVAD indicates left ventricular assist devices.