Table 3. Association of Patient Characteristics with 1-Year Survival Conditional Upon LVAD Usea.
| Variables | Marginal effect size (95% CI) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | |
| Black race (vs White race) | 0.039 (0.013 to 0.066) | 0.010 (–0.015 to 0.034) | 0.011 (–0.014 to 0.036) | 0.006 (–0.001 to 0.013) | 0.010 (–0.005 to 0.025) | 0.009 (–0.005 to 0.024) | 0.008 (–0.013 to 0.028) | 0.007 (–0.014 to 0.027) | 0.005 (–0.034 to 0.043) |
| Female (vs male) | –0.006 (–0.035 to 0.023) | –0.011 (–0.037 to 0.016) | –0.011 (–0.037 to 0.016) | 0.001 (–0.007 to 0.009) | –0.0001 (–0.013 to 0.013) | –0.0002 (–0.013 to 0.013) | 0.002 (–0.014 to 0.018) | 0.002 (–0.014 to 0.018) | –0.015 (–0.046 to 0.016) |
| Survival, predicted | NA | 0.830 (0.790 to 0.870) | 0.829 (0.788 to 0.870) | 0.155 (0.104 to 0.206) | 0.271 (–0.062 to 0.604) | 0.275 (–0.062 to 0.612) | 0.272 (–0.157 to 0.701) | 0.267 (–0.158 to 0.692) | 0.754 (0.702 to 0.806) |
| VAD propensity | NA | NA | –0.015 (–0.082 to 0.053) | –0.007 (–0.022 to 0.008) | –0.015 (–0.047 to 0.018) | –0.015 (–0.048 to 0.018) | –0.023 (–0.076 to 0.030) | –0.022 (–0.074 to 0.030) | –0.029 (–0.113 to 0.055) |
| Age, per year | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.0002 (–0.001 to 0.0003) | –0.0002 (–0.001 to 0.0003) | –0.0003 (–0.001 to 0.0004) | –0.0003 (–0.001 to 0.0004) | –0.001 (–0.002 to 0.001) |
| Distance to LVAD Hospital, per 10 miles | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.0003 (–0.001 to 0.0003) | 0.000 (–0.001 to 0.001) | 0.000 (–0.001 to 0.001) | 0.000 (–0.002 to 0.002) |
| Low-income subsidy | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.003 (–0.009 to 0.015) | 0.003 (–0.009 to 0.014) | 0.006 (–0.025 to 0.037) |
| Social deprivation index | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.004 (–0.014 to 0.021) | 0.017 (–0.029 to 0.063) |
| Observations | 6576 | 6576 | 6576 | 6490 | 6490 | 6490 | 4032 | 4032 | 4099 |
| Hospital FE | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Year indicators | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Neighborhood RE | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Part D enrollees only | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Abbreviations: FE, fixed effect; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; NA, not applicable; RE, random effect; SDI, social deprivation index.
a
Model 1 was conditional on age, sex, interactions of age and sex, and year indicators. Survival by race and sex was similar after adjusting for clinical risk (Model 2), LVAD propensity (Model 3), hospital fixed-effect (Model 4), age (Model 5), distance to hospital (Model 6), LIS (Model 7), SDI (Model 8), and neighborhood random effects (Model 9).