Table 4.
Anti-inflammatory activities of hyperoside (Hyp) in experimental models related to hepatic inflammation.
| Hyperoside/Source | Experimental Model | Dose | Results/Molecular Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyp/Artemisia capillaris |
CCl4-induced liver injury in mice | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | ↓Portal inflammation ↓Kupffer cell hyperplasia ↓hepatic iNOS, COX2 mRNA and protein ↑hepatic HO-1 mRNA and protein ↑Nrf2 protein |
[34] |
| Hyp | CCl4-induced C57BL/6J mice | 200 mg/kg | ↓hepatic TNF-α, IL-6 protein ↓hepatic inflammatory cells infiltrations ↓hepatic p-p38, p-Erk protein |
[38] |
| Hyp | Concanavalin A-induced Kunming mice | 25, 50 mg/kg | ↓hepatic inflammatory cells infiltrations ↓hepatic MDA ↑hepatic SOD |
[62] |
| Hyp/Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves | High-carbohydrate/high-fat diet and alloxan-induced male Kunming mice | 200 mg/kg | ↓hepatic NO, iNOS ↓lymphocytic inflammation ↑hepatic SOD, GSH, CAT ↓hepatic MDA ↓hepatic p-p65 ↓hepatic p-p38, p-Erk1/2, p-JNK ↑hepatic Bcl-2 ↓hepatic Bax, caspase-3,9, cytochrome c |
[53] |
| Hyp | ApoE-/- mice fed high-fat diet | 200 mg/kg | ↓hepatic inflammatory cells infiltrations ↓hepatic MDA ↑hepatic SOD, GSH-Px |
[61] |
| Hyp | High-fat diet-induced male C57BL/6 mice | 50 mg/kg | ↓hepatic F4/80 positive areas ↓hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, CCL5, iNOS mRNA |
[74] |
| Hyp | Diabetes-induced rats | 10 mg/kg | ↓hepatic TNF-α protein ↓hepatic NFκB protein ↓hepatic inflammation score |
[60] |
| Hyp | Kunming mice given 50% alcohol | 25, 50 mg/kg | ↓hepatic inflammatory cells infiltrations ↓hepatic MDA ↑hepatic SOD, GSH |
[39] |
CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; phosphatase 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX2, cyclooxygenase2; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; IL-6, interleukin-6; Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NO, nitric oxide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione; CAT, catalase; MDA, malondialdehyde; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; and NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Upward pointing arrow (↑) and downward pointing arrow (↓) represent an increase and a decrease in gene/protein expression or numerical values, respectively.