Table 3.
Risk factors for malaria infection and severe malaria (2016–2018)
| Descriptions | Malaria cases (n = 2402) |
No infection (n = 15,659) |
COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | Severe cases (n = 59) |
Non–severe cases (n = 2343) |
COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| <5 | 255 (10.6) | 3371 (21.5) | 1* | 1 | 18 (30.6) | 237 (10.1) | 4.53 (2.25–9.12) | 4.31 (2.12–8.77) |
| 5–14 | 549 (22.9) | 3980 (25.4) | 1.82 (1.56–2.13) | 1.81 (1.55–2.12) | 10 (16.9) | 539 (23.0) | 1.11 (0.49–2.48) | 0.63 (0.17–2.37) |
| 15–24 | 689 (28.7) | 3187 (20.4) | 2.86 (2.46–3.33) | 2.82 (2.42–3.28) | 16 (27.1) | 673 (28.7) | 1.42 (0.70–2.89) | 1.03 (0.40–2.66) |
| ≥25 | 909 (37.8) | 5121 (32.7) | 2.35 (2.03–2.71) | 2.40 (2.07–2.79) | 15 (25.4) | 894 (38.2) | 1* | 1 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 829 (34.5) | 7273 (46.4) | 1* | 1 | 27 (45.8) | 802 (34.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 1573 (65.5) | 8386 (53.6) | 1.65 (1.50–1.80) | 1.58 (1.43–1.73) | 32 (54.2) | 1,541 (65.8) | 0.62 (0.37–1.04) | 0.67 (0.38–1.14) |
| Seasonal variation | ||||||||
| Dry season (Jan–Apr) | 367 (15.3) | 2897 (18.5) | 1* | 1 | 25 (42.4) | 733 (31.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Rainy season (May–Sep) | 1261 (52.5) | 8483 (54.2) | 1.17 (1.04–1.33) | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) | 21 (35.6) | 990 (42.3) | 0.62 (0.35–1.12) | 0.69 (0.32–1.51) |
| Cold season (Oct–Dec) | 774 (32.2) | 4279 (27.3) | 1.43 (1.25–1.63) | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) | 13 (22.0) | 620 (26.4) | 0.62 (0.31–1.21) | 0.54 (0.28–1.02) |
| Transportation conditionsa | ||||||||
| Good | 692 (28.8) | 9675 (61.8) | 1* | 1 | 20 (33.9) | 922 (39.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Poor | 1710 (71.2) | 5984 (38.2) | 4.0 (3.64–4.39) | 4.28 (4.25–5.31) | 39 (66.1) | 1,421 (60.6) | 1.27 (0.73–2.18) | 0.74 (0.18–1.62) |
| Parasite species | ||||||||
| P. falciparum | – | – | – | – | 54 (91.5) | 1,999 (85.3) | 1.86 (0.74–4.68) | 1.86 (0.73–4.75) |
| P. vivax | – | – | – | – | 5 (8.5) | 344 (14.7) | 1 | 1 |
For analysis between severe and non-severe cases, uncomplicated cases or non-severe cases were considered as referent group; aThe transportation was grouped according to the roads condition regardless of the distance between patient’s place and township hospital: good: can go easily by any vehicles in all seasons, poor: the route consumed prolonged time or have to take both vehicles and foot even near or far; *p-value < 0.05 as determined by chi-square test; COR Crude odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence Interval