Table 1.
Characteristics of participants.
| Men (n = 1280) | Women (n = 790) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI < 25.0 (n = 625) |
BMI ≥ 25.0 (n = 655) |
p | BMI < 25.0 (n = 400) |
BMI ≥ 25.0 (n = 390) |
p | |
| Age (years) | 64.6 ± 10.5 | 57.3 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | 67.7 ± 10.8 | 60.6 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 1.8 | 28.8 ± 3.6 | <0.001 | 21.7 ± 2.2 | 29.6 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12.8 ± 8.2 | 10.6 ± 7.1 | <0.001 | 12.4 ± 8.3 | 11.1 ± 7.4 | 0.057 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 15 | 129 ± 15 | 0.043 | 126 ± 18 | 126 ± 14 | 0.846 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108 ± 25 | 106 ± 28 | 0.154 | 117 ± 36 | 107 ± 28 | 0.102 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57 ± 17 | 50 ± 13 | <0.001 | 64 ± 16 | 57 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 157 ± 131 | 192 ± 158 | <0.001 | 133 ± 82 | 166 ± 103 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 0.196 |
| Current smoking (%) | 23.4 | 26.4 | 0.009 | 5.5 | 9.7 | 0.072 |
| Drinking alcohol (%) | 63.5 | 56.9 | 0.016 | 25.8 | 24.9 | 0.777 |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1817 ± 425 | 1863 ± 475 | 0.238 | 1682 ± 334 | 1685 ± 402 | 0.940 |
| Protein (% energy) | 14.9 ± 2.2 | 14.4 ± 2.3 | 0.001 | 15.7 ± 2.1 | 14.9 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Fat (% energy) | 28.8 ± 5.3 | 29.7 ± 5.7 | 0.001 | 30 ± 4.9 | 30.5 ± 5 | 0.105 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 56.3 ± 6.5 | 55.8 ± 7.1 | 0.050 | 54.3 ± 5.7 | 54.6 ± 5.9 | 0.720 |
| Treated by OHA and/or GLP-1RA (%) | 77.0 | 79.5 | 0.314 | 74.4 | 81.1 | 0.044 |
| Treated by insulin (%) | 24.5 | 27.2 | 0.324 | 29.6 | 30.8 | 0.755 |
| Physical activity (METs h/w) † | 19.8 (8.5–44.2) | 13.2 (4.4–33.3) | <0.001 | 14.3 (6.6–27.1) | 11.6 (4.0–26.5) | 0.025 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). † Physical activity (metabolic equivalents [METs] h/w) are median. Differences in the continuous and categorical variables were analyzed by Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U tests and chi-square (χ2) tests, respectively. BMI, body mass index; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; GLP-1RA, GLP-1 receptor agonist.