Table 3.
Association between obesity and food groups according to quartiles with ranges by multivariate quartile analysis (men).
| Quartile 1 (Low) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (High) | p for Trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains | Range (g) | <317 | <384 | <428 | ≥428 | |
| reference | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) | 0.387 | ||
| Rice | Range (g) | <193 | <270 | <347 | ≥347 | |
| reference | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 1.10 (0.75–1.61) | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | 0.805 | ||
| Bread | Range (g) | <4 | <26 | <60 | ≥60 | |
| reference | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) | 0.070 | ||
| Noodles | Range (g) | <26 | <51 | <103 | ≥103 | |
| reference | 1.94 (1.24–3.04) | 1.54 (1.03–2.29) | 1.73 (1.14–2.61) | 0.058 | ||
| Potato | Range (g) | <7 | <14 | <36 | ≥36 | |
| reference | 1.33 (0.82–2.18) | 0.81 (0.56–1.16) | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) | 0.197 | ||
| Total vegetables | Range (g) | <136 | <205 | <296 | ≥296 | |
| reference | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.44 (0.29–0.65) | <0/001 | ||
| Green-yellow vegetables | Range (g) | <43 | <71 | <100 | ≥100 | |
| reference | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 0.66 (0.44–1.01) | 0.46 (0.31–0.68) | <0/001 | ||
| Other vegetables | Range (g) | <86 | <134 | <200 | ≥200 | |
| reference | 0.92 (0.64–1.34) | 0.69 (0.47–1.01) | 0.53 (0.36–0.78) | 0.001 | ||
| Fruits | Range (g) | <21 | <64 | <150 | ≥150 | |
| reference | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 0.60 (0.40–0.90) | 0.52 (0.34–0.79) | 0.001 | ||
| Seaweed | Range (g) | <1.4 | <4.3 | <6.4 | ≥6.4 | |
| reference | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) | 0.89 (0.56–1.43) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.145 | ||
| Fish/Seafood | Range (g) | <43 | <69 | <97 | ≥97 | |
| reference | 0.80 (0.55–1.18) | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 0.73 (0.49–1.10) | 0.093 | ||
| Meat/Processed Meat | Range (g) | <46 | <74 | <114 | ≥114 | |
| reference | 0.91 (0.62–1.32) | 1.02 (0.68–1.52) | 1.02 (0.66–1.59) | 0.789 | ||
| Eggs | Range (g) | <14 | <21 | <43 | ≥43 | |
| reference | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 1.03 (0.71–1.52) | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) | 0.503 | ||
| Soybeans/Soy products | Range (g) | <30 | <50 | <80 | ≥80 | |
| reference | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.020 | ||
| Milk/Dairy product | Range (g) | <49 | <109 | <197 | ≥197 | |
| reference | 1.33 (0.92–1.93) | 1.14 (0.78–1.68) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.263 | ||
| Milk | Range (g) | <3 | <73 | <170 | ≥170 | |
| reference | 1.58 (1.07–2.32) | 1.59 (1.09–2.32) | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.987 | ||
| Other dairy product | Range (g) | <18 | <43 | <70 | ≥70 | |
| reference | 1.00 (0.69–1.46) | 0.77 (0.52–1.12) | 0.70 (0.47–1.06) | 0.042 | ||
| Sugar | Range (g) | <2.8 | <5.4 | <9.5 | ≥9.5 | |
| reference | 0.81 (0.55–1.18) | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 0.98 (0.64–1.49) | 0.894 | ||
| Nuts and seeds | Range (g) | <0.1 | <1.1 | <3.6 | ≥3.6 | |
| reference | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.92 (0.62–1.39) | 0.78 (0.50–1.20) | 0.787 | ||
| Fats and oils | Range (g) | <6.9 | <11.3 | <16.9 | ≥16.9 | |
| reference | 0.97 (0.66–1.41) | 1.05 (0.71–1.54) | 0.69 (0.46–1.04) | 0.128 | ||
| Seasoning and spices | Range (g) | <15.8 | <22.1 | <29.6 | ≥29.6 | |
| reference | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | 1.37 (0.93–2.01) | 1.40 (0.92–2.11) | 0.032 | ||
| Sweets | Range (g) | <17 | <38 | <67 | ≥67 | |
| reference | 1.29 (0.88–1.90) | 1.84 (1.25–2.71) | 2.58 (1.69–3.94) | <0.001 | ||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | Range (g) | <5 | <50 | <143 | ≥143 | |
| reference | 1.53 (1.03–2.27) | 1.96 (1.31–2.93) | 2.35 (1.50–3.68) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcoholic beverages | Range (g) | <10.7 | <128.6 | <300.0 | ≥300.0 | |
| reference | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | 0.66 (0.45–0.96) | 0.85 (0.59–1.20) | 0.876 |
Logistic regression models adjusted for age, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, diabetes duration, physical activity, energy intake, treated by insulin, treated by OHA.