Table 4.
Association between obesity and food groups according to quartiles with ranges by multivariate quartile analysis (women).
| Quartile 1 (Low) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (High) | p for Trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains | Range (g) | <279 | <336 | <390 | ≥390 | |
| reference | 0.70 (0.43–1.16) | 1.25 (0.75–2.08) | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) | 0.679 | ||
| Rice | Range (g) | <174 | <231 | <309 | ≥309 | |
| reference | 0.61 (0.36–1.03) | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 0.93 (0.56–1.54) | 0.947 | ||
| Bread | Range (g) | <9 | <34 | <60 | ≥60 | |
| reference | 0.53 (0.31–0.90) | 0.63 (0.36–1.11) | 0.53 (0.31–0.90) | 0.088 | ||
| Noodles | Range (g) | <26 | <51 | <77 | ≥77 | |
| reference | 1.22 (0.72–2.05) | 1.10 (0.65–1.86) | 1.38 (0.87–2.19) | 0.221 | ||
| Potato | Range (g) | <14 | <29 | <43 | ≥43 | |
| reference | 0.90 (0.54–1.52) | 0.91 (0.52–1.58) | 0.92 (0.55–1.53) | 0.797 | ||
| Total vegetables | Range (g) | <171 | <252 | <340 | ≥340 | |
| reference | 0.50 (0.31–0.83) | 0.51 (0.31–0.85) | 0.38 (0.23–0.64) | 0.001 | ||
| Green-yellow vegetables | Range (g) | <57 | <86 | <125 | ≥125 | |
| reference | 0.96 (0.59–1.57) | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 0.49 (0.29–0.80) | 0.001 | ||
| Other vegetables | Range (g) | <110 | <163 | <223 | ≥223 | |
| reference | 0.53 (0.32–0.87) | 0.49 (0.29–0.81) | 0.39 (0.24–0.65) | <0/001 | ||
| Fruits | Range (g) | <32 | <86 | <150 | ≥150 | |
| reference | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) | 1.74 (0.93–3.25) | 0.63 (0.38–1.05) | 0.078 | ||
| Seaweed | Range (g) | <2.1 | <4.3 | <7.1 | ≥7.1 | |
| reference | 0.70 (0.42–1.18) | 1.00 (0.59–1.68) | 0.68 (0.41–1.14) | 0.325 | ||
| Fish/Seafood | Range (g) | <44 | <66 | <95 | ≥95 | |
| reference | 0.68 (0.42–1.11) | 0.78 (0.47–1.29) | 0.51 (0.30–0.88) | 0.036 | ||
| Meat/Processed Meat | Range (g) | <40 | <63 | <91 | ≥91 | |
| reference | 1.18 (0.73–1.91) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 1.24 (0.70–2.20) | 0.869 | ||
| Eggs | Range (g) | <14 | <21 | <36 | ≥36 | |
| reference | 1.57 (0.90–2.74) | 1.24 (0.75–2.07) | 1.33 (0.76–2.33) | 0.564 | ||
| Soybeans/Soy products | Range (g) | <35 | <60 | <90 | ≥90 | |
| reference | 1.14 (0.69–1.87) | 0.90 (0.55–1.46) | 0.76 (0.44–1.29) | 0.215 | ||
| Milk/Dairy product | Range (g) | <63 | <122 | <205 | ≥205 | |
| reference | 1.14 (0.71–1.85) | 1.00 (0.60–1.66) | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) | 0.074 | ||
| Milk | Range (g) | <12 | <73 | <170 | ≥170 | |
| reference | 1.65 (1.00–2.74) | 1.42 (0.88–2.29) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.372 | ||
| Other dairy product | Range (g) | <25 | <53 | <79 | ≥79 | |
| reference | 1.55 (0.96–2.48) | 1.11 (0.67–1.84) | 0.90 (0.54–1.48) | 0.396 | ||
| Sugar | Range (g) | <4.4 | <7.3 | <11.3 | ≥11.3 | |
| reference | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 0.57 (0.35–0.95) | 0.54 (0.31–0.94) | 0.018 | ||
| Nuts and seeds | Range (g) | <0.3 | <1.4 | <3.9 | ≥3.9 | |
| reference | 1.05 (0.65–1.71) | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) | 0.70 (0.40–1.21) | 0.150 | ||
| Fats and oils | Range (g) | <5.9 | <10.3 | <15.6 | ≥15.6 | |
| reference | 1.21 (0.75–1.97) | 2.10 (1.27–3.49) | 1.37 (0.81–2.34) | 0.076 | ||
| Seasoning and spices | Range (g) | <12.8 | <18.8 | <25.1 | ≥25.1 | |
| reference | 0.73 (0.44–1.19) | 0.83 (0.50–1.37) | 1.18 (0.69–2.04) | 0.446 | ||
| Sweets | Range (g) | <21 | <42 | <73 | ≥73 | |
| reference | 1.10 (0.67–1.80) | 1.38 (0.84–2.28) | 2.11 (1.22–3.67) | 0.007 | ||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | Range (g) | <7 | <36 | <79 | ≥79 | |
| reference | 2.14 (1.11–4.14) | 1.46 (0.80–2.69) | 1.07 (0.57–2.01) | 0.285 | ||
| Alcoholic beverages | Range (g) | <8.6 | <42.9 | <85.7 | ≥85.7 | |
| reference | 0.57 (0.29–1.15) | 0.72 (0.38–1.34) | 0.88 (0.48–1.60) | 0.334 |
Logistic regression models adjusted for age, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, diabetes duration, physical activity, energy intake, treated by insulin, treated by OHA.