TABLE 1.
Comparisons between the experimental conditions and particular loads for all measured variables.
| 40%1RM (95%CI) | 50%1RM (95%CI) | 60%1RM (95%CI) | 70%1RM (95%CI) | 80%1RM (95%CI) | 90%1RM (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Condition
|
Time Under Tension concentric (s)
|
|||||
| Barbell Squat | 0.61 ± 0.07 | 0.67 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.10 | 0.95 ± 0.15 | 1.11 ± 0.18 |
| Volitional tempo | (0.56 to 0.66) | (0.61 to 0.73) | (0.69 to 0.78) | (0.76 to 0.90) | (0.84 to 1.05) # | (0.98 to 1.24) # |
| Barbell Squat | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 0.54 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | 0.68 ± 0.10 | 0.80 ± 0.15 | 0.98 ± 0.16 |
| Maximal tempo | (0.44 to 0.54) | (0.49 to 0.59) | (0.54 to 0.67) | (0.61 to 0.75) | (0.69 to 0.91) | (0.86 to 1.10) |
| Mean differences | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| Effect Size | 1.71 | 1.73 | 1.57 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.76 |
| Bench Press | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.68 ± 0.12 | 0.87 ± 0.25 | 1.13 ± 0.32 | 1.43 ± 0.31 |
| Volitional tempo | (0.43 to 0.51) | (0.51 to 0.58) | (0.59 to 0.76) | (0.69 to 1.05) * | (0.90 to 1.36) *# | (1.21 to 1.65)* # |
| Bench Press | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 0.64 ± 0.07 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 1.01 ± 0.42 |
| Maximal Tempo | (0.39 to 0.42) | (0.47 to 0.51) | (0.53 to 0.63) | (0.60 to 0.69) * | (0.80 to 0.87) * | (0.71 to 1.31) * |
| Mean differences | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.23* | 0.30* | 0.42* |
| Effect Size | 1.58 | 1.46 | 1.05 | 1.25 | 1.31 | 1.14 |
|
| ||||||
|
Mean Bar Velocity (m/s)
| ||||||
| Barbell Squat | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.69 ± 0.10 | 0.64 ± 0.08 | 0.58 ± 0.07 | 0.51 ± 0.07 | 0.44 ± 0.06 |
| Volitional tempo | (0.68 to 0.84) * | (0.62 to 0.76) *# | (0.58 to 0.70)* # | (0.53 to 0.63) *# | (0.46 to 0.55)*# | (0.39 to 0.48)* # |
| Barbell Squat | 1.05 ± 0.10 | 0.96 ± 0.11 | 0.85 ± 0.09 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | 0.66 ± 0.07 | 0.54 ± 0.06 |
| Maximal tempo | (0.98 to 1.13) * | (0.89 to 1.04) * | (0.78 to 0.92)* | (0.70 to 0.80)* ^ | (0.61 to 0.71)* ^ | (0.49 to 0.58) *^ |
| Mean differences | 0.29* | 0.27* | 0.21* | 0.17* | 0.15* | 0.10* |
| Effect Size | 2.76 | 2.57 | 2.47 | 2.43 | 2.14 | 1.67 |
| Bench Press | 0.70 ± 0.08 | 0.61 ± 0.05 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.04 |
| Volitional tempo | (0.65 to 0.76)* | (0.57 to 0.64) *# | (0.49 to 0.56)* # | (0.37 to 0.48)* # | (0.31 to 0.39) *# | (0.21 to 0.26) # |
| Bench Press | 1.11 ± 0.11 | 0.96 ± 0.09 | 0.79 ± 0.13 | 0.65 ± 0.11 | 0.44 ± 0.10 | 0.29 ± 0.06 |
| Maximal Tempo | (1.03 to 1.18) * | (0.89 to 1.03) * | (0.70 to 0.87) * | (0.58 to 0.73)* ^ | (0.37 to 0.51)* ^ | (0.25 to 0.33)^ |
| Mean differences | 0.41* | 0.35* | 0.26* | 0.23* | 0.09* | 0.05 |
| Effect Size | 4.26 | 4.81 | 2.65 | 2.49 | 1.14 | 0.98 |
|
| ||||||
|
Peak Bar Velocity (m/s)
| ||||||
| Barbell Squat | 1.26 ± 0.21 | 1.19 ± 0.23 | 1.15 ± 0.23 | 1.11 ± 0.15 | 1.03 ± 0.21 | 1.02 ± 0.23 |
| Volitional tempo | (1.11 to 1.41)* # | (1.02 to 1.35)* # | (0.99 to 1.32)* # | (0.99 to 1.22)*# | (0.88 to 1.18)*# | (0.85 to 1.18)*# |
| Barbell Squat | 1.75 ± 0.22 | 1.69 ± 0.23 | 1.52 ± 0.16 | 1.43 ± 0.14 | 1.32 ± 0.11 | 1.20 ± 0.12 |
| Maximal tempo | (1.60 to 1.91)*^ | (1.53 to 1.86)*^ | (1.41 to 1.63)*^ | (1.33 to 1.52)*^ | (1.24 to 1.40)*^ | (1.12 to 1.28)*^ |
| Mean differences | 0.49* | 0.50* | 0.37* | 0.32* | 0.29* | 0.18* |
| Effect Size | 2.28 | 2.17 | 1.87 | 2.21 | 1.73 | 0.98 |
| Bench Press | 1.06 ± 0.15 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.08 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.08 | 0.38 ± 0.06 |
| Volitional tempo | (0.95 to 1.17)* # | (0.80 to 0.92)* # | (0.65 to 0.77) #* | (0.52 to 0.66)* # | (0.43 to 0.54) # | (0.33 to 0.42)# |
| Bench Press | 1.59 ± 0.21 | 1.41 ± 0.22 | 1.08 ± 0.26 | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.61 ± 0.15 | 0.45 ± 0.09 |
| Maximal Tempo | (1.44 to 1.74)*^ | (1.25 to 1.56)*^ | (0.90 to 1.27)*^ | (0.76 to 1.03)*^ | (0.50 to 0.71)^ | (0.38 to 0.51)^ |
| Mean differences | 0.53* | 0.55* | 0.37* | 0.31* | 0.13 | 0.07 |
| Effect Size | 2.9 | 3.27 | 1.92 | 2.09 | 1.08 | 0.92 |
Results are mean ± SD (95% confidence intervals).
*
Significant differences between volitional and maximal movement tempo in exercise;
#
significant differences between exercise in volitional movement tempo
^
significant differences between exercise in maximal movement tempo.