TABLE 7.
Long-term effect of basketball training periods on salivary marker levels
| Study | Marker | Measures | Level (mean ± SD) | Changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andre et al. 2018 [26] | C | Overall change during the season | Season mean = 9.1 nmol/l | p < 0.001 |
| Beginning of pre-season (week 2) | 7.4 ± 2.7 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| Before start of regular season (week 6) | 6.9 ± 2.7 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| Start of the season (week 7) | 5.5 ± 3.3 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| In-season (week 10) | 6.9 ± 2.6 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| After the holiday break (week 15) | 13.1 ± 5.8 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| Beginning of important matches (week 17) | 20.3 ± 8.9 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| In-season (week 22) | 6.9 ± 2.8 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| End of regular season (week 24) | 6.9 ± 2.1 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| Post-season (week 27) | 6.4 ± 2.2 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| Post-season (week 28) | 17.7 ± 12.6 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| Post-season (week 30) | 7.1 ± 3.1 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| T | Overall change of testosterone during the season | Season mean = 0.51 nmol/l | p < 0.001 | |
| In-season (week 13) | 0.58 ± 0.15 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| In-season after the holiday break (week 15) | 0.59 ± 0.10 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| In-season (week 16) | 0.37 ± 0.08 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| Beginning of important matches (week 17) | 0.69 ± 0.25 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| In-season (week 21) | 0.40 ± 0.08 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| In-season (week 22) | 0.40 ± 0.08l nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| End of regular season (week 24) | 0.39 ± 0.06 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| One week before the conference tournament (week 25) | 0.41 ± 0.05 nmol/l | p < 0.01 | ||
| End of the season (week 27) | 0.43 ± 0.07 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| Post-season (week 28) | 0.62 ± 0.14 nmol/l | p < 0.05 | ||
| T:C | Season mean T:C ratio | Season mean for T:C = 0.069 | ||
| Start of the regular season (week 7) | 0.110 ± 0.50 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Beginning of important matches (week 17) | 0.041 ± 0.25 | p < 0.01 | ||
| One week before the conference tournament (week 25) | 0.056 ± 0.17 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Arruda et al. 2013 [23] | C | Pre- to post-microcycles | Not provided | p > 0.05 |
| Atalag et al. 2019 [32] | C | Pre- to post-in-season phase | Pre: 5.7 ± 2.2 nmol/l Post: 13.2 ± 6.7 nmol/l |
p < 0.01 |
| Gonzalez-Bono al. 2002 [51] | C | Comparison of Team 1 and Team 2 at baseline, pre-first periodical session | Team 1: 5.64 ± 0.95 nmol/l * Team 2: 3.10 ± 0.54 nmol/l * |
p < 0.05 |
| Comparison of post-ergometry concentrations after the first periodical session | Team 1: 4.74 ± 0.92 nmol/l * Team 2: 6.1 ± 1.23 nmol/l * |
p < 0.02 | ||
| Comparison of post-ergometry concentrations after the second periodical session | Team 1: 3.24 ± 0.78 nmol/l * | |||
| Team 2: 4.02 ± 0.79 nmol/l * | p < 0.05 | |||
| Effect of training programme on response to the cycle ergometry periodical sessions for Team 1 | 1st session: 4.74 ± 0.92 nmol/l * 2nd session: 3.24 ± 0.78 nmol/l * |
p > 0.05 | ||
| Effect of training programme on response to the cycle ergometry periodical sessions for Team 2 | 1st session: 6.1 ± 1.23 nmol/l * 2nd session: 4.02 ± 0.79 nmol/l * |
p < 0.05 | ||
| T | Comparison of Team 1 and Team 2 at baseline, pre-first periodical session | Team 1: 200.15 ± 31.87 pmol/l *
Team 2: 179.12 ± 34.36 pmol/l * |
p > 0.05 | |
| Comparison of post-ergometry concentrations after the first periodical session | Team 1: 252.50 ± 56.04 pmol/l * Team 2: 235.51 ± 41.79 pmol/l * |
p > 0.05 | ||
| Comparison of post-ergometry concentrations after the second periodical session | Team 1: 151.38 ± 19.69 pmol/l * Team 2: 164.28 ± 23.86 pmol/l * |
p > 0.05 | ||
| Effect of training programme on response to the cycle ergometry periodical sessions for Team 1 | Session 1: 252.50 ± 56.04 pmol/l * Session 2: 151.38 ± 19.69 pmol/l * |
p > 0.05 | ||
| Effect of training programme on response to the cycle ergometry periodical sessions for Team 2 | Session 1: 235.51 ± 41.79 pmol/l * Session 2: 164.28 ± 23.86 pmol/l * |
p > 0.05 | ||
| T:C | Interaction between factors TEAM and SESSION | Team 1 pre-first test: 0.042 ± 0.009 Team 1 post-first test: 0.065 ± 0.016 Team 2 pre-first test: 0.066 ± 0.015 Team 2 post-first test: 0.046 ± 0.011 Team 1 pre-second test: 0.074 ± 0.016 Team 1 post-second test: 0.060 ± 0.013 Team 2 pre-second test: 0.045 ± 0.013 Team 2 post-second test: 0.055 ± 0.013 |
p < 0.01 | |
| Effect of training programme for Team 1 | p < 0.06 | |||
| Effect of training programme for Team 2 | p < 0.07 | |||
| Effect of factor TEAM for Team 1 | p < 0.02 | |||
| Effect of factor TEAM for Team 2 | p < 0.01 | |||
| He et al. 2010 [25] | C | Pre- to post- (T4-to-R4) (4-week preparation, 3-week competition & 4-week recovery period) | T4: 71.0 ± 2.2 ng/ml T1: 48.0 ± 4.9 ng/ml C1: 63.6 ± 4.1 ng/ml M1: 46.6 ± 4.5 ng/ml C2: 84.4 ± 4.1 ng/ml R1: 47.2 ± 4.0 ng/ml R4: 40.6 ± 3.9 ng/ml |
p < 0.01 |
| Changes from week 4 (T1) of preparation to post-recovery (R4) | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes from pre-competition-to-post-recovery (C1-to-R4) | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes from week of rest between competition weeks (M1) to the end of 4-week recovery period (R4) | p > 0.05 | |||
| Changes from week 2 of competition (C2) to the end of 4-week recovery period (R4) | p < 0.01 | |||
| Changes from pre- to post- (R1-to-R4) 4-week recovery period | p < 0.05 | |||
| Secretion rate C | Week 1 of training vs. Week 4 of recovery | Higher than at week 4 of recovery | p < 0.01 | |
| Week 4 of training vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.05 | |||
| Week 1 of competition vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.05 | |||
| Week 2 of competition vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.01 | |||
| Pre- to post-recovery weeks | p < 0.05 | |||
| IgA | Pre- to post- (T4-to-R4) (4-week preparation, 3-week competition & 4-week recovery) | T4: 146.7 ± 18.0 ug/ml T1: 144.9 ± 22.7 ug/ml C1: 142.9 ± 11.9 ug/ml M1: 204.9 ± 9.5 ug/ml C2: 153.2 ± 18.0 ug/ml R1: 204.3 ± 20.5 ug/ml R4: 210.7 ± 15.0 ug/ml |
p < 0.01 | |
| Changes from week 4 (T1) of preparation to post-recovery (R4) | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes from week 1 (C1) of competition to post-recovery (R4) | p < 0.01 | |||
| Changes from week 2 (C2) of competition to post-recovery (R4) | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes from week of rest between competition weeks (M1) to the end of 4-week recovery period (R4) | p > 0.05 | |||
| Pre- to post-4-week recovery period | p > 0.05 | |||
| Secretion rate IgA | Week 1 of training vs. Week 4 of recovery | Not provided (Lower compared with week 4 of recovery) | p < 0.01 | |
| Week 4 of training vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.05 | |||
| Week 1 of competition vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.01 | |||
| Week 2 of competition vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.05 | |||
| TP | Absolute concentrations of salivary total protein measure at different time points | T4: 1109.5 ± 192.0 ug/ml T1: 815.7 ± 139.4 ug/ml C1: 1254.5 ± 355.6 ug/ml M1: 964.6 ± 141.3 ug/ml C2: 877.6 ± 288.8 ug/ml R1: 1434 ± 362.6 ug/ml R4: 1141.6 ± 191.7 ug/ml |
p > 0.05 | |
| Secretion rate TP | Secretion at different time points | p > 0.05 | ||
| LF | Changes from pre- to post- (T4-to-R4) (4-week preparation, 3-week competition & 4-week recovery) | T4: 3247.1 ± 635.7 ug/ml T1: 3440.8 ± 739.1 ug/ml C1: 2634.4 ± 546.9 ug/ml M1: 2728.6 ± 441.6 ug/ml C2: 3684.1 ± 602.7 ug/ml R1: 4619.8 ± 819.7 ug/ml R4: 4300.8 ± 905.3 ug/ml |
p < 0.05 | |
| Changes from week 4 (T1) of preparation to post-recovery (R4) | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes from week 1 (C1) of competition to post-recovery (R4) | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes from week 2 (C2) of competition to post-recovery (R4) | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes from week of rest between competition weeks (M1) to the end of 4-week recovery period (R4) | p > 0.05 | |||
| Pre- to post-4-week recovery period (R1-to-R4) | p > 0.05 | |||
| Secretion rate LF | Week 1 of training vs. Week 4 of recovery | Not provided (Lower compared with week 4 of recovery) | p < 0.05 | |
| Week 4 of training vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.05 | |||
| Week 1 of competition vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.05 | |||
| Week of rest between competition vs. Week 4 of recovery | p < 0.05 | |||
| Moreira et al. 2011 [40] | C | Pre- to post-1-month of in-season phase | Pre: 17.6 ± 1.8 ng/ml *
Post: 26.8 ± 4.9 ng/ml * |
p < 0.05 |
| IgA | Pre: 587 ± 94 ug/ml *
Post 720 ± 153 ug/ml * |
p > 0.05 | ||
| Secretion rate IgA | Pre: 106 ± 20 ug/min *
Post: 92 ± 21 ug/min * |
p < 0.05 | ||
| Nunes et al. 2011(a) [15] | C | Pre- to post-preparation | Not provided | p > 0.05 |
| Time of the day effect (07:30, 9:30, 11:00, 17:30) pre-to-post preparation | Not provided (Significant increase at 9:30 during both the pre- and post-training assessments) | p < 0.05 | ||
| T | Pre- to post-preparation | Not provided | p > 0.05 | |
| Time of the day effect (07:30, 9:30, 11:00, 17:30) pre-to-post preparation | p > 0.05 | |||
| T:C | Comparison of T:C from pre-to-post training at 4 sampling points (7:30, 9:30, 11:00, 17:30) | Not provided (T:C increased from pre-to-post training at 7:30) | p < 0.05 | |
| IgA | Time of the day effect (07:30, 9:30, 11:00, 17:30) pre-to-post preparation | Not provided | p > 0.05 | |
| Pre- to post-training programme at 9:30 | p < 0.05 | |||
| Pre- to post-training programme at 11:00 | p < 0.05 | |||
| Nunes et al. 2014 [18] | C | 1 day pre-to-1-day post 12-week training at 4 sampling points (7:30, 9:30, 12:00 and 18:00) | Not provided | p > 0.05 |
| T | Pre- to post-training at 4 sampling points (7:30, 9:30, 12:00, 18:00) | p > 0.05 | ||
| IgA | Pre- to post-training at 4 sampling points (7:30, 9:30, 12:00, 18:00) | p > 0.05 | ||
| Miloski et al. 2015 [36] | T | High testosterone concentration group (HTC) vs. Low testosterone concentration group (LTC) at baseline | HTC: 529.1 ± 84.5 pg/ml LTC: 290.9 ± 83.5 pg/ml |
p < 0.001 |
| Changes of HTC and LTC after overloading period LTC: 304.9 ± 98.9 pg/ml |
HTC: 479.2 ± 133.2 pg/ml | p > 0.05 | ||
| Changes of HTC and LTC after tapering period | HTC: 508.2 ± 288.4 pg/ml LTC: 334.3 ± 86.0 pg/ml |
p > 0.05 | ||
| Azarbayjani et al. 2011 [21] | IgA | Pre- to post-exercise at week 1 | Not provided (Decreased) | p < 0.02 |
| Pre- to 1-hour post-exercise at week 1 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Post- to 1-hour post-exercise at week 1 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Pre- to post-; Pre- to 1-hour post-; Post- to 1-hour post-exercise after 8 weeks of training | p < 0.35 | |||
| Changes in resting levels of IgA from Week 1 to Week 2 | Week 1: 2530.5 ± 1172.81 ng/ml Week 2: 1320.5 ± 552.38 ng/ml Week 4: 2151 ± 822.99 ng/ml Week 6: 1054.5 ± 443.76 ng/ml Week 8: 587.5 ± 274.65 ng/ml |
p < 0.001 | ||
| Changes in resting levels of IgA from Week 2 to Week 4 | p < 0.001 | |||
| Changes in resting levels of IgA from Week 1 to Week 6 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Changes in resting levels of IgA Week 4 vs. Week 6 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Comparison in resting levels of IgA at week 8 vs. weeks 1, 2, 4 and 6 | Highest reduction p = n/a | |||
| TP | Pre- to post-exercise at week 1 | Not provided (Increased) | p < 0.19 | |
| Pre- to post- and pre- to 1-hour post-exercise at week 8 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Post- to 1-hour post- at week 8 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Changes in resting levels of TP from week 1 to week 2 | Week 1: 5315 ± 1197.05 ng/ml Week 2: 3365 ± 1139.84 ng/ml Week 4: 4705 ± 1027.25 ng/ml Week 6: 2455 ± 992.86 ng/ml Week 8: 1995 ± 451.28 ng/ml |
p < 0.05 | ||
| Changes in resting levels of TP from week 2 to week 4 | p < 0.05 | |||
| Comparison in resting levels of TP at week 6 vs. weeks 1, 2 and 4 | p < 0.05 | |||
| Comparison in resting levels of TP at week 8 vs. weeks 1, 2 and 4 | p < 0.05 | |||
| Changes in resting levels of TP from week 6 to week 8 | p > 0.05 | |||
| IgA:TP | Pre- to post-exercise at week 1 | Not provided (Decreased) | p < 0.01 | |
| Pre- to 1-hour post- at week 1 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Post- to 1-hour post- at week 1 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Pre- to post-exercise at week 8 | p < 0.04 | |||
| Pre- to 1-hour post- at week 8 | p < 0.01 | |||
| Post- to 1-hour post- at week 8 | p > 0.05 | |||
| Comparison in resting levels of TP at week 8 vs. weeks 1, 2 and 4 | Week 1: 0.49 ± 0.21 ng/ml Week 2: 0.41 ± 0.15 ng/ml Week 4: 0.47 ± 0.18 ng/ml Week 6: 0.45 ± 0.15 ng/ml Week 8: 0.31 ± 0.15 ng/ml |
p < 0.05 | ||
| Moraes et al. 2017 [22] | IgA | Change of concentration during experimental period | Not provided (Decreased) | p = 0.004 |
| Pre- to post-intensified training period | p = 0.05 | |||
| Comparison of concentrations from pre-experimental period and post-tapering | p = 0.002 | |||
| Interaction between low and high aerobic fitness level groups and sampling point | Not provided | p = 0.344 | ||
| Moreira et al. 2008 [42] | IgA | Pre- to post-17-day preparation training | Pre: 541 ± 226 ug/ml Post: 381 ± 111 ug/ml |
p = 0.02 |
| Secretion rate IgA | Pre: 215 ± 88 ug/ml Post: 188 ± 122 ug/ml |
p = 0.30 | ||
| TP | Pre: 1.72 ± 0.32 mg/ml Post: 1.58 ± 0.28 mg/ml |
p = 0.23 | ||
| IgA:TP | Pre: 315 ± 114 ug/ml Post: 243 ± 66 ug/ml |
p = 0.04 |
Note: * – data are reported as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean); C – cortisol; T – testosterone; T:C – testosterone-to-cortisol ratio; IgA – immunoglobulin A; TP – total protein; LF – lactoferrin; HTC – high testosterone concentration group; LTC – low testosterone concentration group; T4 – week 1 of pre-season training; T1 – week 4 of pre-season training; C1 – week 1 of in-season matches; M1 – week of rest between in-season weeks; C2 – week 2 of in-season matches; R1 – week 1 of post-season recovery; R4 – week 4 of post-season recovery.