TABLE 3.
Study characteristics.
| Study | Formats | N | Age | CL | IL and EL instruments and error | TE and TB instruments and error | IL outcomes | EL outcomes | TE outcomes | TB outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [27] | 4 vs 4 Within session |
N = 16 Age:23.9 ± 4.2 CL:A |
IL: RPE (CR-20 scale) HR (Polar Team Sport System, Polar Electro Oy, Finland EL: Ultra-Wide Band (WIMU PROTM) and PROTM software (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) |
None | RPE (CR-20 scale) HRpeak HRAvg % HRpeak < 75% HRpeak 75–84% HRpeak 85–89% HRpeak > 90% HRpeak |
TD Distances at 0.1–6.9 7.0–12.9 13.0–17.9 ≥ 18.0 km·h-1 Total m/min Total Acc nr Acc (1.0–1.4) Acc (1.5–1.9) Acc (2.0–2.4) Acc (≥ 2.5 m·min-2) TDec nr Max speed Avg speed |
None | None |
| [49] | 3 vs 3 4 vs 3 Within session |
N = 18 Age: 16.4 ± 0.4 CL: A |
IL: HR (Polar®, FS1 transmitters, Finland) Standard error of measurement: HRAvg = 8.9–6.7% HRpeak = 5.6–6.0% EL: 15 Hz GPS (GPSports Systems model SPIProX2) Standard error of measurement: TD = 22.6–29.5% D% 0–7.2 km = 11.2–13.2% D% 7.3–14.3 km = 22.1–24.0% D% 14.4–21.5 km = 17.3–21.3% Max speed = 2.3–2.4% Acc nr (> 2 m/s) = 1.4–2.1% % D Acc (> 2 m/s) = 21.3–22.5% Acc max = 0.4–0.4% |
TB: Soccer Analyser® software and System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) with Kappa coefficient values above 0.9 Standard error of measurement: Penetration = 1.9–1.9% Offensive coverage = 2.0–2.8% Width and length with ball = 1.1–1.0% Width and length without ball = 3.3–2.9% Depth mobility = 1.4–2.1% Offensive unit = 3.5–5.1% Delay = 2.1–2.6% Defensive converage = 2.2–3.1% Defensive balance = 3.3–3.0% Recovery balance = 1.4–1.9% Concetration = 1.8–2.1% Defensive unit = 3.7–4.0% Tactical attack actions in offensive midfield = 4.4–3.7% Tactical attack actions in defensive midfield = 6.4–7.7% Tactical defense actions in offensive midfield = 6.5–5.2% Tactical defense actions in defensive midfield = 5.7–5.1% |
HRAvg HRpeak |
TD D % at 0 to 7.2, 7.3 to 14.3, 14.4 to 21.5 km·h-1 Max speed Acc (> 2.0 m/s2) % D Acc (> 2 m/s2) Max Acc |
None | Penetration, Offensive coverage, width and length (with and without ball), depth mobility, offensive unit, delay, defensive converage, defensive balance, recovery balance, concetration, defensive unit, tactical actions (in attack and defense) |
| [53] | 6 vs 6 with 2 floating players Within session |
N = 10 Age:28.9 ± 3.6 CL: P |
IL: TRIMP [63] |
None | 93–100% HRmax = 5.16 mmol; 86–92% HRmax = 3.61 mmol; 79–85% HRmax = 2.54 mmol; 72–78% HRmax = 1.71 mmol; 65–71% HRmax = 1.25 mmol |
None | None | None |
| [54] | 5 vs 5 Within session Between session |
N = 10 Age: 21.7 ± 2.1 CL: A |
IL: RPE (CR-10 scale) HR (Polar H7, Polar Electro, OY, Kempele, Finland) EL: Geolocation tracker (JOHAN Sports, Noordwijk, The Netherlands) consisting of a GPS sensor (10 Hz, including EGNOS correction), accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer (100 Hz, 3 axes) |
None | RPE HRmean |
TD D at 14–19.9 km·h-1, D > 20 km·h-1; TAcc (n/min); TDec (n/min); PL |
None | None |
| [55] | 1 vs 1 3 vs 3 Within session |
N = 6 Age: 20.3 ± 4.8 CL: A |
IL: RPE (CR-10 scale) HR – Polar Team app software with the use of the Polar H7 Bluetooth monitor (Polar Electro, OY, Kempele, Finland EL: Tracker (JOHAN Sports, Noordwijk, the Netherlands) consisting of a GPS sensor (10 Hz, including EGNOS correction), accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer (100 Hz, 3 axes, ± 16 g). The GPS was tested with a 2.5 ± 0.41% (error ± deviation) reliability for TD |
None | RPE HRAvg %HRmax |
TD D at 0–6.9 7–13.9 14–19.9 > 20 km·h-1 PL Sprints nr Max speed Pace |
None | none |
| [29] | 5 vs 5 Within session Between session |
N = 10 Age:18.3 ± 0.5 CL:A |
EL: A 10-Hz GPS unit (including EGNOS correction, JOHAN Sports, Noordwijk, The Netherlands) and an accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer (100 Hz, 3 axes, ± 16 g) |
None | None | TD, D at 14–20 km·h-1 PL |
None | None |
| [30] | GK + 5 vs 5 + GK Within session |
N = 10 Age:28.1 ± 3.8 CL: P |
EL: GPS at 10 Hz (OptimeEye S5, Catapult, Australia) equipped with an inertial measurement unit (100 Hz, 3 axes) |
None | None | TD D > 14.4 19.8–25.1 > 25.1 km·h-1 Max speed; PL |
None | None |
| [45] | 3 vs 3 6 vs 6 Between session Within session |
N = 16 Age:10.1 ± 0.3 CL: A |
None | TE: Two planes (one at an open angle and the other focusing on the player with the ball) using two digital cameras (Go Pro Hero 2, 1280 × 960, 25 Hz) |
None | None | RB CB LB AB S |
None |
| [56] | 3 vs 3 4 vs 4 5 vs 5 Within session |
N = 16 Age:13.5 ± 0.7 CL:A |
IL: HR (Polar Team System, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) |
TE: Video recordings of all SSGs were made with a camcorder (SC-D381/XAZ, Samsung Electronics America, Inc., Ridgefield Park, NJ, USA) |
%HRmax | None | involvement with the ball, crosses, headers, tackles, shots on goal, dribbling, passing, and target passing |
None |
| [34] | 2 vs 2 3 vs 3 4 vs 4 Within session |
N = 20 Age:27 ± 2 CL: P |
IL: HR (Polar S-810, Polar-Electro OY, Kempele, Finland) Bl- (Lactate Pro, Arkray, Japan) RPE scale (CR-10 scale) EL: GPSports SPI Elite System, Canberra, Australia) in which the distance travelled was recorded at 5 Hz |
TE: 4 fixed digital video cameras |
RPE %HRmax % HRres Bl- |
TD D at 13–17 > 17 km·h-1 |
total nr of duels; successful passes; total nr of lost balls; total nr of ball possessions |
None |
| [37] | 4 vs 4 Within session |
N = 20 Age:27.4 ± 1.5 CL: P |
IL: RPE (CR-10 scale) Bl- (Lactate Pro, Arkray, Japan) HR (Polar S-810, Polar-Electro, Finland) EL: GPS (GPSports SPI Elite System, Canberra, Australia) |
TE: four digital cameras |
RPE Bl- %HRmax %HRres |
TD Distances at 13–17 km·h-1 and > 17 km·h-1 |
Nr of duels; % of successful passes; Nr of ball lost; Total nr of ball possession |
None |
| [57] | 2 vs 2 1 vs 1 Between session |
N = 22 Age: 26.3 ± 4.7 CL: A |
IL: HR (Polar RS800; Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) RPE (CR-10 scale) |
None | HRmax HRres RPE |
None | None | None |
| [58] | 3 vs 3 Within session |
N = 19 Age: 24 ± 4 CL: A, P |
IL: RPE (CR-10 scale) The reliability of heart rate (HR) during SSG range from 2.0 to 2.4% (typical error). HR – ND |
TE: digital video camcorder (Canon MV700, miniDV, Canon Japan). Reliability of technical actions have been recently reported to be k = 0.82 |
RPE %HRmax |
None | pass, successful pass, unsuccessful pass, tackle, header, turn, interception, dribbling, shoot, and shoot on target |
None |
| [48] | GK + 4 vs 4 + GK Within session |
N = 10 Age: 17.3 ± 0.7 CL: A |
None | TB: local position measurement (LPM) system (Inmotio Object Tracking BV, Amsterdam, the Netherland) |
None | None | None | The centroid and surface area relation between the teams |
| [16] | 2 vs 2 4 vs 4 Within session |
N = 16 Age: 16.3 ± 0.6 CL: A |
IL: RPE (CR-20 scale) HR (Polar Team Sport System; Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) Bl- – ND EL: GPS (SPI 10; GPSports, Canberra, Australia) |
None | RPE %HRmax Blood lactate |
TD D at 0 – 6.9 and > 18 km·h-1 |
None | None |
| [59] | 2 vs 2 3 vs 3 4 vs 4 Within session |
N = 14 Age: 16.7 ± 0.6 CL: A |
IL: RPE (CR-10) Polar S810 HR (Polar Electro OY, Kempele, Finland) Bl- Plus analyzer (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) |
None | RPE %HRmax Bl- |
None | None | None |
| [35] | 1 vs 1 2 vs 2 3 vs 3 4 vs 4 Within session |
N = 16 Age: 15.7 ± 0.4 CL: A |
IL: HR Polar S810 HR (Polar Electro OY, Kempele, Finland) Bl- analyzer (YSI Incorporated Life Sciences) |
None | HR %HRmax Bl- |
None | None | None |
| [46] | 3 vs 3 Between session |
N = 12 Age: 15 ± 3 CL: SM |
None | TE: video recorder (Sony HDR-CX130), inter-observer reliability using Cohen’s Kappa (k > 0.814). Intra- class correlations showed a high degree of intra-observer reliability (ICC > 0.801) |
None | None | Individual time in possession; individual touches in possession; team time in possession; successful team passes; % successful pass; intercept; deflection; unsuccessful pass; successful pass; Unsuccessful 1st touch pass; Successful 1st touch pass; Successful tackle; Unsuccessful tackle; Lost possession; Total possessions per bout; Technical actions per minute; Time ball is out of play |
None |
| [36] | GK + 4 vs 4 + GK Between session |
N = 10 Age: 20.2 ± 1.9 CL: A |
IL: GPS (MinimaxX S4, Catapult Sports, Canberra, Australia). Typical error HRmax = 2.3 HR zones < 70 = 6.6 70–80 = 4.8 80–90 = 9.1 90–95 = 10.5 95–100% = 7.1 HRmean = 5.5 EL: GPS (MinimaxX S4, Catapult Sports, Canberra, Australia). Typical error TD = 229 Work rate = 5.7 PL (au) = 34 PL (m/min) = 0.8 Max speed = 1.4 0–2 = 15 | 2–5 = 60 5–7 = 46 | 7–9 = 75 9–13 = 124 | 13–16 = 41 16–20 = 43 | > 20 km/h = 24 |
None | HRmax HR zones < 70, 70–80, 80–90, 90–95, and 95–100% HRmax |
TD, work rate, peak speed, nr of efforts (speed zone entries), and D at 0–2, 2–5, 5–7, 7–9, 9–13, 13–16, 16–20 and > 20 km·h-1 PL |
None | None |
| [60] | 3 vs 3 4 vs 4 5 vs 5 Within session |
N = 12 Age: 12.8 ± 0.8 CL: A |
EL: GPS SPI Elite (GPSports Systems, Pty. Ltd., 2003, Australia). |
None | None | DT D at 0 – 4; 4.1 km·h-1 – MAV; MAV > MIV; D > MIV; Max speed. |
None | None |
| [31] | 7 vs 7 Within session |
N = 14 Age: 20.9 ± 1.9 CL: A |
EL: GPS (SP PRO X II GPSports®, 15 Hz, Canberra, Australia) |
None | HRAvg | Avg D (m/min), and Avg speed (km·h-1); % D at 0–1, 11.1–14, 14.1–19 and 19.1–23 km·h-1 |
None | None |
| [61] | 3 vs 3 Within session |
N U12 = 12 U14 = 12 U16 = 12 Age: U12 = 11.8 ± 0.3 U14 = 12.8 ± 0.4 U16 = 15.3 ± 0.5 CL: A |
IL: HR (Polar V800, Polar Electro, Finlandia) (Polar H7, Polar Electro, Finlandia) RPE (CR-10) |
None | HRAvg %HRmax %HRres RPE |
None | None | None |
| [62] | 3 vs 3 GK + 3 vs 3 + GK GK + 4 vs 4 + GK 4 vs 4 GK + 6 vs 6 + GK 6 vs 6 Within session |
N = 20 Age: 28.1 ± 4.6 CL: P |
IL: HR (Polar H10, Polar-Electro, Kempele, Finland) |
None | HRAvg, Edwards’TRIMP [64] Time spent in red zone (> 80% HRmax) |
None | None | None |
| [21] | 3 vs 3 GK + 3 vs 3 + GK GK + 4 vs 4 + GK 4 vs 4 GK + 6 vs 6 + GK 6 vs 6 Within session |
N = 20 Age: 28.1 ± 4.6 CL: P |
EL: GPS (VX Sport, Wellington, New Zealand) |
None | None | TD, D at > 14.4; > 19.8 km·h-1; and MW; Acc/Dcc efforts (2.2 m·s2) |
None | None |
N: number of participants; IL: internal load; EL: external load; TE: technical execution; TB: tactical behavior; A: amateur; P: professional; SM: semi-professional; nr: number; GPS: global positioning system; D: distance; TD: total distance; TAcc: total acceleration; nr: number; TDec: total deceleration; PL: player load; MW: mechanical work; MAV: maximal aerobic velocity; MIV: maximal intermittent velocity; RPE: rated perceived exertion; HR: heart rate; Avg: average; HRres: heart rate reserve; HRmax: heart rate maximum; La-: lactate; red zone: > 80% of maximal HR; RB: received balls; CB: conquered balls; LB: lost balls; AB: attacking balls; S: shots; P: passes; TP: target passes; Avg: average.